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Toulmin, Stephen E. The Uses Of Argument. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Toulmin suggested a framework comprising of six interconnected elements for analysing arguments. These components include: Claim (Conclusion), Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data), Warrant, Backing, Rebuttal, and Qualifier. The first three elements "claim," "ground," and "warrant," are considered key and important features of practical arguments, whereas the other three components may not be essential for some arguments. -
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Toulmin, Stephen. "Human Understanding". Dialogue, vol 12, no. 2, 1972, pp. 356-359. Cambridge University Press (CUP), doi:10.1017/s0012217300036623. Accessed 22 Apr 2020.
Toulmin notes that most anthropologists have been drawn to pick their relative’s sides due to the realization of the impact of cultural changes on reasonable arguments. In attempt to present solutions to the challenges of relativism and absolutism, the philosopher tries to create standards throughout his work, which are neither absolutist nor relativist.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/human-understanding-by-stephen-toulmin-princeton-university-press-1972 -
Toulmin, Stephen Edelston. Cosmopolis. Univ. Of Chicago Press, 1992.
Toulmin explores the stating points of the contemporary focus on universality and criticizes both modern philosophers and science for ignoring issues in preference for theoretical and abstract issues. According to him, the practical devoid of the pursuit of absolutism is one off the major impairments of modern philosophy. -
Toulhmin, Stephen. Return To Reason. Harvard University Press, 2001.
Toulmin argues that the likely of reason improving human’s lives has been interfered with by the grave imbalance between people’s pursuit of knowledge. The value of being reasonable has been diminished by the long-term dominance of rationality. Toulmin summarizes a lifetime of eminent work and proposes a controlling call to repatriate the balance between reasonableness and equanimity. https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/stephen-toulmin
