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9000 BCE
Discovery of copper
When did it occur?
9000.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
The greatest technological advance.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Used for most things in the world. -
5000 BCE
Fire
When did it occur?
500,000 BC.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped early humans defend themselves, eat better, and learn to make weapons.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
It serves as one of the major sources of energy, to change the state of matter, etc. -
465 BCE
Democritus
When did it occur?
465 BC.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It is known how matter is formed.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
It is being used for the construction of nuclear reactors and nuclear power. -
632
Alchemy
When did it occur?
632.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Chemistry development.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Currently it is no longer used, but it helped create chemistry that has had many advances that have helped society. -
Vacuum pump
When did it occur?
1650.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Extract gas molecules.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in different types of industry (food, electrical, among others) -
Fundamental gas laws
When did it occur?
1662.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Its structure and behavior is understood
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in cryogenic cooking, food preservation and domestic fuel. -
Lightning is electricity
When did it occur?
1752
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
He created the electric fire.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
Serves as a source of electricity -
Discovery of nitrogen
When did it occur?
1772.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped to know the composition of the air.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used mainly in industry and in chemistry for the production of dyes and fertilizers. -
Oxygen discovery
When did it occur?
1774
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It was a key element in the chemical phenomena of respiration and combustion.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
It is used for agriculture, ozone production, water disinfection, etc. -
Stoichiometry
When did it occur?
1792.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped to know the quantities that would be obtained in a chemical reaction.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Measure the weight of the elements. -
Smallpox
When did it occur?
1796.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
The first vaccine was developed.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Since smallpox was eradicated, the vaccine is saved for future outbreaks. -
Electrochemistry
When did it occur?
1807.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Allowed the theory of acids and bases.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Used to reduce waste water pollution. -
Avogadro's law
When did it occur?
1811.
Who specifically did it affect?
To the Scientific society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It helps to know that all gases have the same number of molecules.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
Helps to know the number of molecules. -
Electromagnet
When did it occur?
1823.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Creation of electric motors.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Used to build batteries and motors. -
Thermodynamics
When did it occur?
1824.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It allowed to generate energy.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used to create products, energy through temperature change -
Ohm's law
When did it occur?
1827.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Put a relationship between the parameters of the electrical circuit.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
With this you can know if the circuit works and to avoid any discharge. -
Urea
When did it occur?
1828
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Substances produced by living beings can reproduce with inert substances
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
91% of the urea produced is used as fertilizer. It is applied directly to the soil and provides nitrogen to the plant. -
Sulfuric acid
When did it occur?
1831.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Used for everyday products.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in different types of industry in which is that of fertilizers. -
Vulcanization
When did it occur?
1839.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Makes rubber stronger.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Mouthparts can be made from saxophones or bowling balls. -
Nitrocellulose
When did it occur?
1845.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It was used as a type of dynamite and paint.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
In different types of solvents, quick drying, solvent removal, etc. -
Tetraethyl lead
When did it occur?
1853.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Eliminated engine knocking.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
No.
What is its actual use?
Currently not used. -
Kekulé structural theory
When did it occur?
1858
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Facilitates understanding of organic compounds.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
Development of the synthesis of dyes. -
Pasteurization
When did it occur?
1864.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Kill bacteria that affect people.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Used to make food consumable -
TNT
When did it occur?
1866.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It began to be used in mining, for demolition and for military weapons.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is still used for the same (demolitions and military weapons). -
The Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements
When did it occur?
1869.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
With it you can see the relationships between the properties of the elements or predict elements not yet synthesized.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
Shows elements according to their atomic number and chemical properties. -
Piezoelectricity
When did it occur?
1880.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Deforms crystals.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
With piezoelectric plates clean energy can be generated. -
Photoelectric effect
When did it occur?
1887.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helps to generate an electric current.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in cameras, public lighting, among other things. -
Valence coordination theory
When did it occur?
1893.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped the development of isomers.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
The period table was modified. -
X-rays
When did it occur?
1895
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Detection of skeletal and soft tissue diseases.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
They are used for medical diagnosis, this technology is used to control security at airports, study the quality of acorn-fed ham or find the "lost matter of the universe". -
Radiation
When did it occur?
1896
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Energy production.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Obtaining electricity, medical processes for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, among others. -
Discovery of the electron
When did it occur?
1897.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Showed that atoms cannot be divided.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
They play an essential role in nature, electricity, magnetism and thermal conductivity -
Radium and Polonium
When did it occur?
1898.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
For the operation of electrical objects.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
In heat sources for satellites and for the treatment of prostate cancer. -
Polyethylene
When did it occur?
1899
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
They made plastic.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
High hardness containers, oils, pipes for gas, telephony, chain guides and mechanical parts are used, among others. -
Planck constant
When did it occur?
1900.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helps to know the energy of a quantum.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is applied in physics to calculate at the atomic level. -
Atomic model of Nagaoka
When did it occur?
1903.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
He was able to explain the phenomena of radioactivity.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Helps to know the light emission spectra of the elements. -
Bohr model
When did it occur?
1913.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
He tried to explain the stability of matter that previous models did not have.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Electrons move in certain allowed orbits around the nucleus without emitting radiation. -
Proton discovery
When did it occur?
1918
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Know what an atom is made of.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Helps treat cancer. -
Insulin
When did it occur?
1921
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped improve the lives of many people.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Control sugar in people with diabetes -
Begining of uncertainty
When did it occur?
1927.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped measure particles.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Know the position of the particle. -
Penicillin
When did it occur?
1928
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Antibiotic widely used in medicine.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes
What is its actual use?
It is used to treat and prevent certain infections caused by bacteria. -
Nylon
When did it occur?
1930.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It began to be used to make clothes.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in gears, screws, stockings, fishing nets, etc. -
Neoprene
When did it occur?
1930.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Began to be used in diving suits.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is used in medicine, the automotive industry and in construction. -
Cyclotron
When did it occur?
1930.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Generates radioactive elements.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Helps to perform CT scans -
Neutrinos
When did it occur?
1930.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
They are known to be part of the universe.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is not yet known, they are looking for them in what is called dark matter to learn more about the universe. -
Deuterium
When did it occur?
1931.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
It is used in nuclear reactions and biochemical reactions in living beings.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Study chemical reactions. -
Neutron discovery
When did it occur?
1932.
Who specifically did it affect?
To scientists.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Neutrons help the atom to be stable.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Used in nuclear fission. -
Discovery of the positron
When did it occur?
1932.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Use in medicine.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
Help detect illnesses in the person, such as tumors. -
First nuclear reactor
When did it occur?
1941.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Power source.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It is a source of energy and helps to stop polluting gases -
Hydrogen bomb
When did it occur?
1952.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Generate energy with its use.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
No.
What is its actual use?
Generates radiation to help cancer. -
DNA structure
When did it occur?
1953.
Who specifically did it affect?
To society.
What was the main benefit of achieving it?
Helped understand genetic information.
Has it been the most effective compared to similar achievement on a scientific level?
Yes.
What is its actual use?
It helps to know which cells are damaged in order to heal them, to prevent diseases, among others.