History of Title IX

By nicholsjacob34

  • Presidential Executive Order 11246

    This prohibits federal contractors from discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin.
  • Period: to

    Title IX

  • Title IX Enacted

    Due to the growing involvement of women in sports, President Nixon signed a document. This document was the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.

  • Tower Amendment

    Senator Tower introduced an amendment to exempt sports that produced gross revenue or donations from Title IX compliance determinations. Tower did not see the need for donations or increase revenue for sports that involved women. In supporting the Tower Amendment, Sen. Hruska cited a letter from University of Nebraska president D.B. Varner, which questioned women's interest in sports participation.  120 Cong. Rec. 15,340 (1974

  • Javits Amendment Enacted

    Senator Javits proposed an alternative to the Tower Amendment.  It required that HEW issue Title IX regulations that included "with respect to intercollegiate athletic activities, reasonable provisions considering the nature of particular sports."  Sen.Conf.Rep.No. 1026, 93rd Cong., 2nd Sess. 4271 (1974)

  • President Ford signs Title IX regulations

    According to these regulations: School systems or other recipients of federal funds must designate at least one employee as the Title IX coordinator to oversee compliance efforts and investigate any complaints of sex discrimination. All students and employees must be notified of the names, office address(es), and telephone number(s) of the designated coordinator(s) of Title IX. Grievance procedures and nondiscrimination policies must be made public.
    (Valentin, 1997, p.2-3).

  • The Title IX regulations were "set" to become effective as law.

    Unless the Senate and House adopted concurrent resolutions to disapprove them.  Several attempts to disapprove the regulations - and even Title IX itself - failed.
    At the time, HEW's final education regulations were subject to congressional review under 431 of the General Education Provision Act.  Congress could reject them within 45 days of their issuance by enacting a concurrent resolution.  The act was later deemed unconstitutional in 1980.

  • HEW issued draft Title IX athletics policy interpretation

    HEW issued draft policy interpretation on "Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics" for notice and comment.  HEW received approximately 700 comments.

  • U.S. Dept. of Education established Title IX oversight transferred to Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Dept. of Education ("OCR")

    The US Department of Education transferred the handling of Title IX to the Office for Civil Rights.

  • Civil Rights Remedies Equalization Act Congress passed the Civil Rights Remedies Equalization Act

    In response to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Atascadero State v. Scanlon, which held that the Eleventh Amendment barred suits for monetary damages under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (a law similar to Title IX) against state entities in federal court.  The CRREA includes an express waiver of the Eleventh Amendment as a condition for accepting federal funds.

  • Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987

    20 U.S.C. 1687 March 22, 1988:  Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act over Pres. Ronald Reagan's veto.  The act became effective 3/22/1988.  It over-rode the Grove City v. Bell decision by expanding the definition of "program or activity that receives Federal financial assistance."    Title IX athletics enforcement again possible.

  • Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act

    Congress passed the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) which requires coeducational institutions of higher education that receive federal student aid and that have intercollegiate athletic programs to annually disclose extensive information about those athletic programs.  Many of the disclosures track the Title IX regulations.  The first annual reporting date was October 1, 1996. 20 USC 1092 (g)

  • U.S. Dept. of Justice issued "Title IX Legal Manual"

    The U.S. Department of Justice issued a legal manual for Title IX to allow colleges or universities to refer to it. This allowed the schools to see the legal side of Title IX

  • The Future of Title IX

    The future of Title IX is growing stronger. College campuses are now working with the government to ensure that the policy grows. College campuses should be aware of the dangers of not reporting problems. These campuses are given the resources to make this legislative act stronger.