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Title IX enacted
Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Nixon. Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in any educational program or activity that is receiving any type of federal financial aid. Title IX would change the dynamic of genders in American higher education and calls for gender equality (Rose, 2017). -
Title IX Athletic Regulations signed
President Ford signs the Title IX athletic regulations and submits them for congressional review. Section 431(d)(1) of the General Education Provisions Act states that regulations implementing Title IX would be put into effect. This regulation allowed a three-year grace period for colleges and universities to comply with the equal athletic opportunity (Title IX of 20 U.S.C. Sec. 431). These regulations would set the precedent for how institutions would have to respond to gender discrimination. -
NCAA Challenges Title IX
The NCAA felt so strongly against the implementation of Title IX, they filed a lawsuit challenging its legality. Their argument stated that Title IX was a government overreach into intercollegiate athletics. Although the lawsuit was dismissed, this showed the pushback from intercollegiate athletics about its stance on gender equality in American higher education. -
Department of Education and Title IX
The Department of Education is given oversight of Title IX through the Office of Civil Rights. The Department of Education will enforce and monitor the efforts of participating institutions. They will investigate and resolve complaints involving gender discrimination. This implementation would emphasize the severity of institutions not complying with Title IX regulations regarding gender equality. -
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 was enacted into law to reinforce Title IX's institution-wide coverage. The Act states if any program or activity in an educational institution receives federal funds, all of the institution's programs and activities must comply with Title IX (Robinson, Allen & McClure Franklin, 1989). -
Haffer v. Temple University
In Haffer v. Temple University, a group of women plaintiffs who won a lawsuit claiming gender discrimination in athletic opportunities. After the ruling, Temple University agrees to create more women's athletic teams and agrees to provide equal treatment for men and women athletes (Haffer, 1988). This would provide new direction for athletic departments on handling budget, scholarships, and participation rates for both male and female athletes. -
Cohen v. Brown University
In Cohen v. Brown University, the courts found that Brown had illegally discriminated against female athletes when it demoted several women teams to cut costs. Brown argued that women were less interested in sports than men and that their athletic numbers reflected that (Cohen, 1996). This argument is similar to one's used by other colleges and universities but are not in compliance with Title IX. -
Title IX's Protection against Sexual Harassment
The Department of Education issues policy guidelines clearly stating Title IX's protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence applies to all students, including athletes. The statements issued, often referred to as the "Dear Colleagues" letters, take a stance against sexual harassment at institutions of American higher education. It stated that sexual harassment prevents students' right to receive an education free of discrimination. -
References
Cohen v. Brown University, 809 F. Supp. 978 (D.R.I. 1992). (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://law.justia.com/
cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/809/978/1456044/ -
Secretary DeVos Calls for Title IX Changes
Citing failures of procedures in place from the Obama-era, Department of Education Secretary Betsy DeVos announces an end to the guidelines laying out expectations for colleges on protecting students from sexual violence (Harris & Kelderman, 2017). DeVos states that these guidelines had caused trouble with accused students' due rights process. This change could potentially set back the evolution of Title IX and gender discrimination in American higher education. -
References
Brandon, A. (2017, September 07). Education Secretary Betsy DeVos after a series of listening sessions about campus sexual violence in Washington, D.C. [Photograph found in Washington, D.C.]. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/07/devos-revamp-title-ix-guidance-school-sex-assault/642368001/ (Originally photographed 2017, July 13) -
References
Dear Colleague Letter from Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Russlynn Ali. (2015, October 16). Retrieved September 14, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices
/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201104.html -
References
General Education Provisions Act. P.L. 90-247, 94th Cong. (1975) (enacted). Haffer v. Temple University, 678 F. Supp. 517 (E.D. Pa. 1988). (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://law.justia.com/cases/
federal/district-courts/FSupp/678/517/1474600/ Harris, A., & Kelderman, E. (2017, September 07). Citing Obama-Era Failures, DeVos Will Replace Landmark Directive on Sexual Assault. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from
http://www.chronicle.com/article/Citing-Obama-Era-Failures/241117 -
References
(n.d.). Christy Mumm, varsity volleyball for Brown University. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from http://library.cqpress.com/
cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1997041800 Temple University flag [Photograph found in Philadelphia, PA]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.temple.edu/about Title IX and Sex Discrimination. (2015, October 15). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/
ocr/docs/tix_dis.html -
References
Title IX Protest. (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/intersection-culture-and-race-in-education/2016/03/this_month_ill_be_featuring.html US Dept of Education Logo. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://twitter.com/usedgov -
References
Wulf, S. (2012, June 14). ESPN The Magazine -- The 1976 protest that helped define Title IX movement. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from http://www.espn.com/espnw/title-ix/article/7985418/espn-magazine-1976-protest-helped-define-title-ix-movement (2012, July 19). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2012/07/gender-and-sports-forty-years-of-title-ix.html -
References
(2017, August 02). Retrieved September 16, 2017, from http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/clery/reviewing-dear-colleague-letters-on-title-ixs-45th-anniversary/
