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Department Stores
Department Stores first opened and appeared in 1846. They organized Goods into different “departments”. Fixed prices were also a component with Department store business (no bartering). There were always money back guarantees, and free delivery. In addition, people shopped for the experience, not just deals. Five and dime stores, and offered large discounts to customers. Also, discounts for buying in bulk and passed on to customers. -
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Transforming the West
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The Homestead Act
This act was put in place to prevent the rapid rate of population from increasing. The Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western United States. This was partially successful since many poor factors affected the settled area. Although, farmers went bankrupt and had to move, and isolation and drought had became a factor in society. Railroads and real estate companies wanted to expand to the acquires lands. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Granges
Known as Patrons of Husbandry, these granges were farmers formed societies for solutions to agriculture problems. Many hundreds of thousands became members by 1870, and became politically powerful in 1870s. But while Midwestern legislatures regulated railroads, grangers disappeared. This became a first of populist movements, leading Democrats & Republicans to add granger issues to their platforms. -
Political Machines
Large cities needed new political structure. It provided immigrants with jobs and services in return for voting. The Ward Boss involved the precinct, ward, district captains. They close relationships with business, and gave immigrants jobs. For example, Tammany Hall located in New York City was the infamous political machine in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Hall used graft, bribery, and rigged elections to bilk the city of over $200 million. -
Red River War
Occurred in Oklahoma and Texas, this war was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove native tribes. Southern Plains Indians upset over illegal white settlement & buffalo devastation and they attacked white settlements. Finished in 1875, and wiped out native resistance on the southern plains. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Gold found on Sioux area and ordered off of hunting grounds to reservations. Sioux refuse, government sends in army. In 1876, General Custer and members of several Plains Indian tribes battled in eastern Montana in what would become known as Custer's Last Stand. Custer led offensive before reinforcements arrived and underestimated size of native forces. This was a native victory -
George Armstrong Custer
George Armstrong Custer, a U.S. cavalry officer who served with distinction in the American Civil War. He is mostly known for leading more than 200 of his men to their deaths in the notorious Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. Media portrayed him as a hero and played down his error -
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The Gilded Age
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Strikes
Workers started striking due to the horrible conditions that factory offered, and wanted better pay. However, these begun to break out violently leading into a routine of the police of having to break these occurrences and having to arrest the leaders of the strike. However, many judges ruled in favor of the employees, with their valid reasoning to get upset. In addition, labor unions didn't have the money to continue striking. -
Immigration
New immigrants played a significant mark on American society, where ever they settled. Their labor mostly contributed to the building railroads and factory work. These cities began to thrive because of the introduction of new culture. They usually came from southern and eastern Europe, Mexico, and very rarely from China. Immigrants shaped America, and provided cheap labor. They were seen as competition to whites who usually striked. -
Tenements
Another term for apartments; a building with separated rooms where different families lived but more rundown and often overcrowded. Usually located in poor section of large cities, which these buildings were far from minimum standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. Also, poorly ventilated, lit, and diseased. Rents soared due to overpopulation and evicted for falling behind. These tenements were built when there were almost no laws regulating tenement construction. -
Exodusters
African Americans who were former slaves that migrated west were known as Exodusters. Some exodusters became successful, other settled on bad land, and others lacked money. Because a lot did not find success in the west, they relocate back to the South. Others continued to go further west. -
John Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller was born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. He was the Carnegie of oil production by following strategies of Carnegie.In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90% of U.S. refineries and pipelines, and became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist.. In addition, he invented Trusts and Holding Companies. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act banned further immigration to the U.S. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. Only a few Chinese people could enter the U.S.because it was difficult to prove that they were not laborers. -
Assimilation & Dissent
Others indifferent from the natives decided to take in and fully understanding information or ideas of the Indians. Some Americans see the injustice towards natives. Helen Hunt who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the United States government and led “A Century of Dishonor” . Congress looked at mistreat of natives and supported in educating natives by making them go to boarding schools. -
Haymarket Riot
A labor protest rally near Haymarket Sq., Chicago turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. Three hundred police came to breakup crowd; the frustrated police attacked crowd with batons and guns. As a result, 7 police officers are dead. In addition, press hysterically proclaim a riot, and damages the labor movement into the early 20th century. As they were protesting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism relates to the controversial Theory of Evolution. Likewise, known as natural selection for plants and animals. However, for this instance it's applied to the struggle between workers and employers. Rich people represents the fittest by being intelligent, strong, and adaptable. While, poor people were unfit and underlying; This advocated against helping the poor. In addition, held that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people's pursuit of success. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Allowed authorize of the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Assisted to assimilation of Natives into American Christian society. Gave 160 acres to farm for self-sufficiency (25 yr. trust), and Smaller tracts for unmarried and under 18. Also, let them have an application for citizenship. However, they got poor farming land, no hunting. And whites could buy surplus land, speculators conned natives out of land. -
Nativism
Americans grew weary of immigrants again and tried to "fixing" it. Slums and strikes propelled the idea of stopping it entirely. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Act stopped Chinese people to immigrant to the West Coast of America. Americans started the organization of APA, which is American Protective Association, and they lobbied for restrictions. America started to deport mainly immigrants who were criminals, diseased, and radicals. In addition, literacy test became a thing again. -
Leisure
Leisure which means free time, and in this free time Americans came up with exciting activities that we know now and is apart of American culture. People came up with professional/semiprofessional Sports, walks, theater and opera, vaudeville (circus-like), sheet music to play at home. In addition, usually poor and middle class lived within means, and rich flaunted wealth showed off their riches through lavish events. -
Laissez Faire
This was the taking place or a policy of the government not interfering, and letting the Americans take their own decision. People believed the government should stay out of the private sphere, and the Market should take care of its self concerning with the regulations and rules. -
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Imperialism
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Farmer's Alliance
The Farmer's Alliance took reins from the Granger Movement, involving five million white members. They came together to oppose the act of overcharging farmers for shipping crops, also high interest loans. Cooperatives united the farmers, and negotiated higher crop prices. Wanted better loan rates, insurance. However, they became political to fight monopolies and won big in 1890. -
Trusts
The act of buying different companies in same industry under control of a board of trustees. The Standard Oil Trust had quickly become an industrial monster. The trust had established a strong foothold in the U.S. and other countries in the transportation, production, refining, and marketing of petroleum products. The company turns over stock for a profit guarantee. In addition, Rockefeller had 40 companies in his trust and the board was appointed by Rockefeller -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. In other words, it originally made trusts illegal. Also, corporations bought politicians making it water its language down. Essentially useless to tackle monopolies. The Sherman Act was designed to restore competition but was loosely worded and failed to define such critical terms as “trust,” “combination,” “conspiracy,” and “monopoly.” However, will be successful later. -
Bessemer Process
Developed around 1850, Henry Bessemer invented a process to create steel from iron which produced steel cheaply and efficiently. Andrew Carnegie was the first to invest Bessemer's invention of mass producing steel. Carnegie wanted to mass produce strong steel at low prices. This helped made stronger rails for constructing the railroads and helped to make stronger metal machines and innovative architectural structures like skyscrapers. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish Immigrant who grew up poor. As he got older he put in hard work and investments. In addition, he pushed production costs to lowest levels possible. He is the man responsible of mass producing steel. Carnegie co-founded his first steel company, near Pittsburgh. In the 1870s and further on, he created a steel empire, maximizing profits and minimizing inefficiencies through ownership of factories, raw materials & transportation infrastructure involved in steel-making. -
People’s Party/Populist Party
The People's Party was a 3rd party forms made of farmers, workers, reformers, and included industrial workers. Also, known as the Populist Party , they serves interests, independent of establishment, and fight corruption and greed. They dealt with elimination of monopolies, coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and storage of surplus. In addition, Democrats & Republicans attack populists. Although, the Populist Party didn't perform well nationally state and local level. -
The Depression of 1893
One of the worst depression in U.S. history. Everyday businesses went under like banks and railroads. For instance,This panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Many questioned laisssez-faire capitlaism; Coxey's army, people marched on Washington peacefully. In addition, people started protested capitalism and showed patriotism. Late 19th century a conflict between labor and big business -
Pullman Strike
Named after George Pullman, who built luxury railroad cars. And also company town built for employees. Although, Depression of 1893 hurt company, which laid off workers and cut salaries. Workers started to strike. American Railway Union (ARU) started to become a thing, which the ARU shuts down American railroads. However, President Cleveland intervenes, and the strikers gain some public support and increased attention -
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Progressive Era
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Election of 1896
Election of 1896 concluded of Republican William McKinley vs. Democrat William Jennings Bryan. McKinley supported gold standard, which symbolized the rich, and Bryan for free silver which symbolized the workers. Democrats and Populists involved more money in circulation. More silver than gold would end monopolies and depression, which both exist in the economy. Although, McKinley wins to 51% to 47% by corporate money, Byran gets recognized by his speech of Cross of Gold -
Klondike Gold Rush
Gold was located in Yukon Region and Klondike Region of Canada, and Alaska. The Klondike Gold Rush was an event of migration by an estimated 100,000 people search to the Klondike region of north-western Canada in the Yukon region between 1896 and 1899. Although only 30,000 reach Klondike, because of the harsh terrain and even harsher weather, it took gold rushers a year to reach the Klondike. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement in the United States and president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 to 1900. Her work helped pave the way for the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote. Anthony was inspired to fight for women’s rights while campaigning against alcohol, In recognition of her dedication and hard work, put Anthony’s portrait on one dollar coins in 1979, making her the first woman to be so honored. -
Cuba's Independence
Cuba wanted freedom from Spain, who controlled them during this time. Their first rebellion failed in the 1860s, also Concessions increased autonomy. America decided to become interested and heavily invested in Cuba. As there exports went to the U.S. In addition, their second rebellion to be relieved by Spain. Was affected by the economic depression in the 1890s, and rebels destroyed sugar plantations that weren't the U.S. As in April 1898 America was in war with Spain for Cuba's independence. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
This battle took place during the Spanish-American War, and took place in San Juan, Cuba. Americans race to the top of the hill to secure position. Roosevelt lead the Rough Riders to the top, but isn't the first. This action made him famous; by which the Yellow Press exaggeration and propaganda. United States forces, including Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders, defeated greatly outnumbered Spanish forces at San Juan Hill -
Treaty of Paris of 1898
The Treaty of Paris of 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. Following the Spanish defeats in Cuba and Puerto Rico, an agreement was arranged on August 12, 1898. Fighting was halted and Spain recognized Cuba`s independence. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines was recognized pending final disposition of the islands. The U.S. gained guaranteed the independence of Cuba, the treaty also forced Spain to cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. -
President McKinley
William McKinley supported the republican party, and became the 25th President of the United States on March 4, 1897. Before, he worked in the House for 14 years, becoming the leading Republican tariff expert, then becoming elected and serving two terms being Governor of Ohio. He leaded the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War and raising protective tariffs to promote American industry. Unfortunately, being assassinated on September 14, 1901 in New York. -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a United States sponsored agreement, meaning it was non-binding. It stated that the Chinese market was open to everyone. No taxes was put in force and Chinese collection product fees. It stopped European colonization of China, although Chinese were angry with foreign domination. It represents the protection of American economic and political interests. -
Election of 1900
The Election of 1900 consisted of Democratic William Jennings Bryan running against Republican William McKinley. The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley to win easily. President McKinley chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as his running mate as his past mate had passed away. Theodore Roosevelt contribution received fame and heroism that boosted him -
Philippine-American War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, the Philippine- American War included the Philippines, United States, and Spain. The Philippines revolted against Spain and U.S. In addition, 70K U.S. soldiers fought in the Philippines and used guerrilla warfare. However, only over 4K american soldiers died, while 220K Filipinos died. A result could have been the starving of many Flipinos. Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. -
Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03. As the Monroe Doctrine, this disallowed the settlement of Europeans to colonize in Latin America. U.S. became an international police power and debt collector. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt served as the 26th president of the United States. Serving two terms, through 1901-1909.Prior to becoming president, Roosevelt was famous for leading the Rough Riders in a battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba. While he was president he gained the nickname His most famous quote is "Speak softly and carry a big stick" Of saying action speak louder than words. In addition, He won the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in negotiating peace between Russia and Japan. -
Muckrakers
Muckrakers were overzealous journalists who investigated in government scandals and corruption. This lead to Americans supporting the new amendment, which was the 17th amendment. The main goal of the Muckrakers was to raise awareness of social injustices, inequality, corruption and the abuse of political power in order to bring about reform. -
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
President Theodore Roosevelt with the U.S. Legislature passed the act that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. The law reformed the meatpacking industry, mandating that the U.S. Department of Agriculture inspect all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses both before and after they were slaughtered and processed for human consumption. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American automobile manufacturer who created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. This car revolutionized the industry era, making transportation effortless than it already is. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. The company lost its market dominance but had a lasting impact on other technological development and U.S. infrastructure. -
Child Labor during the Progressive Era
Child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where often places adults couldn’t fit, children were easier to manage and control. However, during the progressive era people were noticing child labor was wrong, and condemning the labor of children -
William Howard Taft
William Taft was selected by President Teddy Roosevelt to be his successor. He served from 1909 to 1913. Before becoming President he was into law practice and wanted to enter public service. He hoped his past jobs would prepare him for the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1904, Taft joined President Theodore Roosevelt's cabinet as the Secretary of War, and oversaw the Panama Canal He is most famous for being the only president to serve on the Supreme Court after leaving office. -
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment states the Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. This avoided corruption by not allowing friends of senates to receive jobs with no experience. -
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World War I
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia. The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina However, a fellow member of the Black Hand, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand when the couple got lost. This event sparked the beginning of World War I. -
The Central Powers
World War One is a conflict between the Central Powers and the Allies. The Central Powers consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. The name "Central Powers" is from the location of these countries; all four were located between the Russian Empire in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. These countries pushed for an invasion of Bosnia and demands. -
Allied Powers
Allied Powers are Serbia, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium. The United States doesn't becomes apart of the Allied Powers until 1917, but before then was neutral. Russia is allied with Bosnia (Slavic Countries), they mobilize army towards the West. In addition, Great Britain decides to Declare war on Germany as Germans attacked France and Great Britain pledged Belgian independence. -
The Panama Canal
Building the Panama Canal took between 1903 to 1914. President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal, which was a trans-isthmian canal. Throughout the 1800s, American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Instead of going all around the perimeter of South America, people wanted a shorter way. The U.S. invested and bought the Canal Zone. -
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) “Shellshock”
In WWI, the psychological distress of soldiers was attributed to concussions caused by the impact of shells. This impact was believed to disrupt the brain and cause “shell shock” Seemed to be the daze, disoriented state many soldiers experienced developed by trench war-fare or shortly thereafter Early medical opinion took the common-sense view that the damage was related to the severe concussive motion of the shaken brain in the soldier’s skull. Shell shock, was considered as a physical injury. -
Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa was a top military leader of the Mexican Revolution. He started off as a bandit but was inspired by reformer Francisco Madero, helping him to win the Mexican Revolution. After a coup by Victoriano Huerta, Villa formed his own army to oppose the dictator, with more battles to follow as Mexican leadership remained in a state of instability. Won the Battle of Columbus, while America supported corrupt Mexican government. Later in life, Villa was regularly filmed by a Hollywood company. -
National Park System
First introduced by President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the park system's greatest patrons. During his administration five new parks were created, as well as national monuments, over 100 million acres of national forest, etc. President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, which was a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established -
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger was a nurse and birth control advocate. In 1910 she started a publication promoting a woman's right to birth control. As she believed children made women improvised. Obscenity laws forced her to flee the country until 1915. In 1916 she opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. She educated women on the dangers of illegal abortion and contraceptives. In addition, Sanger fought for women's rights her entire life, but was sadly arrested in doing so. -
Zimmermann Telegram
The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. British cryptographers broke down a telegram from Germany to Mexico, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. Causing the United States to enter WWI on the Allied Powers. -
Mustard Gus
Was introduced by Germany in July 1917 during WWI, mustard agent has been the most commonly produced chemical weapon. When used during WWI, it killed fewer than 5 percent of those people who were exposed and received medical care. Was known as a blister agent, causes chemical burns. In addition, contact with mustard causes painful, long-lasting blisters to form on the skin and the mucous membranes. Cause lungs to literally tear apart cellular structures, and lead to blindness. -
The 19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote, prohibiting any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women’s rights movement.This ended almost a century of protest. Suffragettes fought a long time to have a voice, making this a mild stone. In addition, President Woodrow Wilson also supported the decision. -
Spanish Flu
The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than in WWI, between 20 and 40 million people. It has been recorded as the most devastating epidemic in history. However, the flu that year was far worst than just an average cold. In the two years that this scourge ravaged the earth, a fifth of the world's population was infected. Normal flu symptoms of fever, nausea, diarrhea, pneumonia attacks. People would suffocate due to a lack of oxygen as lungs filled with a frothy, bloody substance. -
The Great Migration
The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North. Leaving their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that were needed. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively standing up for themselves against discrimination. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a republican U.S. senator for more than 31 years; he led the successful congressional opposition to his country’s participation in the League of Nations following World War I. When the United States entered World War I, he called for united support of the war effort. Initially he endorsed an allies but, President Wilson ordered a world organization with labor disputes, Lodge felt that the nation’s power was at stake and it couldn't commit to international ties. -
Treaty of Versailles
World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, which was the anniversary of Archduke's assassination,. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany. This treaty crippled German economy with reparations. Also states, Germany couldn't rebuild their army, and had to give up colonies. In addition, Germany had to take responsibility for the war. -
Volstead Act
The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the 18th Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States Women were strongly supported the temperance movement, for alcohol was seen as the destroyer of families and marriages. Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. -
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The 1920s
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The 18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment states the banning the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States. The Government believed the purpose of recklessness was caused by alcohol. So, then the 18th amendment was put in place to stop these careless acts. This made Americans very angry, making them more reckless. This caused underground secret bar. In addition, this was the only amendment to be repealed from the constitution. -
First Red Scare
As the Immigration Restrictions became enforced the fear of communism was beginning. In addition, WWI also made Americans fearful, as Germans in started to settle in the U.S. The government passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to the U.S. Which made innocent people get deported.This was Russian Revolution main catalyst, and to Anarchists and communists deported. In addition, it showed how paranoid Americans were -
20s Leisure
Americans had more time off and to themselves. Because of this, people started to go to stores and super markets for the satisfactory of buying goods, or maybe would just go see and not buy anything. Cars became a big staple in this era, also radios were very popular. They were the TV of the time. Vacuums became a thing, and other house hold items. In addition, silent films became a new level of entertainment. -
The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation refers to a group of American writers and poets who were men and women of this period. They rebelled against Victorian values. They affected by negativity and remorse of WWI era. They were against public codes of conduct, however supported sexual liberation. To escape unhealthy confines of modern life, and alcohol was an important release for many. These authors included, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemmingway, T.S. Elliott. -
Charles Lindberg
Charles Lindberg crosses the Atlantic in an airplane. Using his airplane Spirit of St. Louis. He flew non-stop from NYC to Paris (3,610 miles), which took 33.5 hours. He took a flashlight, rubber raft, wicker chair, water, & sandwiches with no radio or radar. After completing his successful trip airplanes become popular and numerous. In addition, Lindberg becomes very popular, he promoted commercial air travel, and becomes WWII fighter pilot. -
Kellogg-Briand Back
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement to outlaw war. Signed in Paris, the pact was one of many international efforts to prevent another World War, but it had little effect in stopping the rising militarism of the 1930s or preventing World War II. Named derived from the Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg. This outlawed aggressive war, and resolved differences through negotiaion. -
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The Great Depression
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Al Capone
Al Capone went on to become the most infamous gangster in American history. In 1920 during the height of Prohibition, Capone's multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling. Capone was responsible for many brutal acts of violence. His act of St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, in which he ordered the assassination of seven rivals. Capone was never indicted for his racketeering but was finally brought to justice for income-tax evasion in 1931. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was America’s 31st president in 1928, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. At first, he was doing a good job until the overproduction took a toll. Although his predecessors policies undoubtedly contributed to the Great Depression, Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the solution of the situation. He was a Humanitarian, and an introvert with poor public speaking ability. -
October 29, 1929
On October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, Investors sold off stocks. In addition, thousands run on banks and millions lose life savings. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression (1929-39). -
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan gained around millions of member in the 1920s. They rode wave of fear following Red Scare, suffrage, prohibition, immigration. In addition, they were initially suppressed by government. However, took forth in thousands of lynchings and burnings. Black communities assaulted by white mobs , as Whites were upset over the Great Migration. In addition, not only African Americans but Jews, Catholics, immigrants and feminists were also targets. -
Hoovervilles
During the Great Depression shantytowns began to appear across the U.S. as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, and the shantytowns that cropped up across the nation, primarily on the outskirts of major cities, became known as Hoovervilles. However, in the early 1940s, most remaining Hoovervilles were torn down -
Election of 1932
The Election of 1932 consist of former 31st president Herbert Hoover, which supported the Republican party, and Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hoover believed in the Bonus March will seal fate, and was indifferent towards people. Roosevelt ran a conservative campaign. F.D.R. wins overwhelmingly. Since Herbert Hoover, was the man many American unfairly held personally responsible for the Depression -
The 20th Amendment
The 20th amendment sets the dates at which federal U.S. government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. The 20th Amendment is important because it tried to eliminate Lame Duck presidents and legislators. Although it failed, before the 20th Amendment the presidential term and the congressional term both started on March 4 of the year after the election -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt started off as governor of New York. He was elected to be the nation's 32nd president, as the U.S. was deep involved in the Great Depression. FDR immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and making “fireside chats.” His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. He was reelected in 1936, 1940 and 1944. In addition, FDR led the United States to victory in WWI. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
The wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt changed the role of the first lady through her active participation in American politics. She was considered as her husbands FDR's right hand. She cared for all types of people and their plight. She was the first outspoken First Lady and talked about women in politics, they needed to gain more reorganization. Although, she did hate the South, for their discrimination and treatment towards African Americans were unacceptable. -
The 21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment to the Constitution was passed and ratified, ending national Prohibition. The 21st amendment was an admission of the terrible failure of prohibition, which led to people disrespecting the law and criminals in selling illegal alcohol to those that craved it. Repealing the 18th amendment didn't make alcohol completely legal through the entire country -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period of 1930-1940. Since, the topsoil blown away by drought & poor farming. Making dust blanketed major cities. To protect themselves, People barricade themselves in their homes, but didn't help. Millions of cattle die from suffocation, and there was hardly any agriculture. To help, Government intervened and paid farmers to plant replenish soil. -
The New Deal
The Great Depression in the United States began on October 29, 1929. The New Deal was a domestic program of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, water power, labor, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government’s activities. -
Munich Conference
The Munich Conference granted the settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia . In addition, Here Hitler met with representatives of the heads of state from France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. An agreement was reached that Hitler could annex the Sudetenland provided he promised not to invade anywhere else. -
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World War II
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National Socialist-German Workers’ Party (NAZI)
Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, known as the Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed discontent with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler joined the party the year it was founded and became its leader in 1921. -
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He forced fascist policies that led to World War II and the deaths of at least 11 million people, including the mass murder of an estimated 6 million Jew. He served as dictator and leader of the Nazi Party, or National Socialist German Workers Party. After WWI, Hitler returned to Munich and continued to work for the German military. With millions unemployed, the Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity for Hitler -
Invasion of Poland
The German-Soviet Pact of August 1939, which stated that Poland was to be partitioned between the two powers, enabled Germany to attack Poland without the fear of Soviet intervention. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, this was considered as the first battle and the beginning of World War II. After heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw surrendered to the Germans. Which lead to a German Victory. -
Axis Power
Axis powers was an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. The three countries signed the Tripartite Pact. In addition, the Axis Power mobilized about 31 million. The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy. The goal of the Axis powers was simple. Germany intended to build up a powerful empire by occupying territory to the east and south. -
Allied Powers
In WWII the Allied powers were Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the U.S, and China. The goal of the Allies was to defeat the Axis powers and create a peaceful post-war world. Its creation was a response to the aggression and unprovoked war the Axis had done. Although, each country desired their own way to defeat the Axis, the U.S, Great Britain and the Soviet Union coordinated their foreign and military policies and created institutions in common to support these policies and win the war -
Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces. Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes arrive at base, where they managed to damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, battleship, and airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The day after the assault, President FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
Western Front
The Western Front of the European theatre of WWII consisted of Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. WWII military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered under separate headings. This was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations. The first phase saw the capitulation of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France and the second phase consisted of large-scale ground combat. -
The Eastern Front
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers, Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed all areas of Europe. The battles on the Eastern Front constituted the largest military confrontation in history. They were characterized by combat, starvation, exposure, disease, and massacres. The Eastern Front, as the site of nearly all extermination camps, death marches, was central to the Holocaust. -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust is the mass murder of 6 million European Jews, considering other as well, by the German Nazis during the World War II. Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s solution was to get rid of the race overall. This came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps.
