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Period: to
Treaties, Missionaries, & Removal
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First school text printed in New Mexico by Padre Antonio Jose Martinez of Taos.
Timeline of New Mexico History. (n.d.). Dona Ana NMGenWeb Project. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://donaana.nmgenweb.us/Timeline.htm -
Indian Civilization Act Passed
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Period: to
The Common School
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U.S. Bureau of Indian Fairs Established
"In 1824, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established to oversee and manage relations between American Indian tribes and the federal government. Because the Southwest was not yet part of the United States, this development had no immediate impact on Pueblo or other American Indians of the region." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
U.S. Supreme Court Rules American Indian Tribes are Sovereign Nations
"In the early nineteenth century, courts struggled to define the relationship between the federal government and American Indians, but by 1832, through a series of legal rulings, the Supreme Court had affirmed the sovereign status of tribes. Subsequent laws distinguished between the sovereignty of foreign nations and that of American Indian tribes." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. -
Pueblo of Pecos Resettles in the Pueblo of Jemez
"In the year 1838, Jemez culture became diversified when the Towa speaking people from the Pueblo of Pecos resettled at the Pueblo of Jemez [...] Today, the Pecos culture still survives at Jemez. Its traditions have been preserved, and as previously noted, the Pueblo of Jemez honorably recognizes a Governor of Pecos." History and Culture. (1993). Pueblo of Jemez. https://www.jemezpueblo.org/about/history-and-culture/ -
Treaty of Guadelupe Signed
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Puebloans enter US System
"Again, these developments did not affect Pueblo people until the Southwest became a part of the United States in 1848." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
United States Congress upheld the San Felipe Spanish Land Grant
"In 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, San Felipe and New Mexico became part of the United States of America as a territory. The United States Congress upheld the Pueblo's Spanish Land Grant in 1858 and the land was patented to the Pueblo of San Felipe by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. President Lincoln also gave the Pueblo's Governor another silver tipped cane." Our History. (n.d.). Pueblo of San Felipe. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://sfpueblo.com/our-pueblo/history -
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Assimilation & Urbanization
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1867 Congressional Peace Commission
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Period: to
Education on the Reservation (Course Section)
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Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Released
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1869 Report Released
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General Richard Henry Pratt Founds the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania
“In 1879 General Richard Henry Pratt (who once proposed apportioning the Indians, like so many marbles, nine to each county in the U. S.) founded Carlisle School in Pennsylvania.” Carlisle inspired many other schools around the country [...] where children were sent to be purposefully removed from their families." Rothman, L. (2016, May 26). Michelle Obama Commencement Speech in Santa Fe: A Sad Past. TIME. https://time.com/4341115/history-michelle-obama-graduation-santa-fe/ -
Period: to
Federal Civilization Regulations Criminalize Native Religions and Quarantined Them to Reservations
"In 1880, the Federal Civilization Regulations criminalized the practice of native religions and forbade Indians to leave their reservations. Regulations notwithstanding, Pueblo people continued to practice their religion. The regulations were withdrawn in 1936." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
First Train Arrives in Santa Fe
"The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company pulls its first train into the Santa Fe depot, bringing with it an era of economic and social change." "Although the railroad created new economic opportunities, it affected community autonomy and privacy and damaged crops, livestock, and irrigation ditches. An influx of new people were integrating themselves into the Pueblos." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Presbyterian Church started the Albuquerque Indian School
"Initially started by the Presbyterian Church, sixty-six acres of land purchased with funds raised by Albuquerque businesses is deeded to the United States to operate an Industrial School for Pueblo children." "The school followed the assimilation model of the boarding schools and deprived children of their indigenous culture." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
President Grover Cleveland signs the Dawes Act
"Tribal land is surveyed and divided by the US Government into individual allotments, treating Native Americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes with a culture of community owned land. [...] Funding was provided for American Indian Boarding Schools and many children where taken away from their families." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Period: to
Allotment, the Mission Schools, Government Boarding Schools, & Families, Students, and Communities (Course Section)
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Santa Fe Indian School Established
"When the Santa Fe Indian School was established in 1890, its mission was not so much education as assimilation." Rothman, L. (2016, May 26). Michelle Obama Commencement Speech in Santa Fe: A Sad Past. TIME. https://time.com/4341115/history-michelle-obama-graduation-santa-fe/ -
The Browning Ruling
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20,000 Native School-Aged Children Attending Boarding Schools
US Indian Boarding School History. (n.d.). The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/ -
President Teddy Roosevelt Extablishes Current Santa Clara reservation
"In 1905, by Executive Order of President Teddy Roosevelt the current Santa Clara reservation was created by the United States government and included adjacent ancestral homelands which were previously recognized by Spanish and Mexican governments." About Us. (n.d.). Santa Clara Pueblo. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.santaclarapueblo.org/about-us/ -
U.S. Government takes 48,000 from the Taos Pueblo for the National Forest
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New Mexico Granted Statehood
"Eventually on January 6, 1912, New Mexico became the 47th state admitted to the Union when President William Taft signed the New Mexico statehood bill." Research Guides: Territories to Statehood, the Southwest: Topics in Chronicling America: Introduction. (n.d.). [Research guide]. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-southwest-territories/introduction -
United States v. Sandoval
"A Hispanic man charged with selling liquor at Santa Clara Pueblo argues on the grounds of the 1876 court decision (United States v. Joseph), stating that federal jurisdiction over the Pueblo was unconstitutional. The Court upheld the federal liquor-control, validating the power of Congress and federal authority over Pueblo affairs." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Mineral Leasing Act
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Period: to
The Rise of Secondary Education
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Holm O. Bursum Drafts the Bursum Bill
"New Mexico senator, Holm O. Bursum, drafts a bill to settle land disputes between Pueblos and non-Indians who had been squatting on Pueblo lands. The bill allowed for non-Indians to retain any land they had squatted on before 1902. It further gave the non-Indian, state court the right to settle any future land disputes." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Counsel of Pueblo Governors Formally Protest the Bursum Bill
"The Pueblo Governors meet with Indian rights advocate, John Collier, to draft an official protest to the Bursum Bill. The governors raise money to send a delegation of Pueblo Leaders to Washington to testify before Congress on their behalf. The bill was defeated." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Period: to
Education & the Native New Deal (Course Section)
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Acoma Government Day School Built
"Acoma children and many other Native children were sent to these boarding schools in the late 1800's to early 1900's. Most were sent to Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. Indian Schools on reservations were beginning to be built in the early 1920's. Acoma Day school was built in 1924. " About. (n.d.). Haak’u Community Academy. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.haakuacademy.org/about -
Synder Act is Passed
"Also known as the Indian Citizenship Act. Native Americans were granted national citizenship, but the qualifications for state citizenship were determined by each individual state and the right to vote, was governed by state law. Pueblo leaders oppossed this Act, seeing it as means to further the assimilation process." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
Pueblo Land Claims Act
"Because of the successful efforts of the Pueblo delegation defeating the Bursum Bill, Congress passes the revised Pueblo Lands Act. The Pueblo Lands Board is created to address disputes on land claims that arose after the federal court ruled that Pueblo lands were not federally protected (United States v. Joseph), therefore allowing land sales to non-Indians." OUR JOURNEY. (n.d.). All Pueblo Council of Governors. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://apcg.org/journey/ -
60,889 Native School-Aged Children Attending Boarding Schools
US Indian Boarding School History. (n.d.). The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/ -
Nearly 83% of Native School-Aged Children Attending Boarding Schools
US Indian Boarding School History. (n.d.). The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/ -
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Passed
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Pueblo of Jemez and Pueblo of Pecos Legally Merged by Congress
"Readily welcomed by the Jemez people, the Pecos culture was rapidly integrated into Jemez Society, and in 1936, both cultural groups were legally merged into one by an Act of Congress. Today, the Pecos culture still survives at Jemez. Its traditions have been preserved, and as previously noted, the Pueblo of Jemez honorably recognizes a Governor of Pecos." History and Culture. (1993). Pueblo of Jemez. https://www.jemezpueblo.org/about/history-and-culture/ -
Pueblo of Pecos and Pueblo of Jemez Legally Merged by Congress
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Manhattan Project
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Period: to
Termination Era
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Period: to
Education, Termination, & Relocation (Course Section)
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The Navajo Five-Year Program Developed
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Indian Claims Commission Act Passed
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Voting rights for Natives in what is now known as New Mexico as established
"In 1924, the federal government granted American Indians citizenship and, with it, the right to vote. However, the latter was denied or suppressed by some states. [...] In addition, for decades following enfranchisement, some native people were reluctant to exercise their right to vote for fear it would jeopardize their sovereign nation status." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
Hoover Commission Reports Released
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Long Range Act Passed
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Only 33 Pueblo Settlements Remain
"At the beginning of the Post-Migration period, there were about 90 Pueblo villages in New Mexico and Arizona. By the end of the period, there were only 33 Pueblo villages—32 in New Mexico and Arizona and one in Texas." Pueblo Indian History for Kids: Post-Migration. (n.d.). Crow Canyon Archeological Center. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://crow-canyon.azurewebsites.net/EducationProducts/pueblo_history_kids/post_migration.asp -
Period: to
The Cold War & STEM
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House Report Investigating Bureau of Indian Affairs Released
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House Concurrent Resolution 108 Passed
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Period: to
Pueblo of Laguna: Jackpine Mile
"[F]rom 1953 to 1982, the Jackpile Mine was one of the world’s largest open-pit uranium mines." "Nearly half of the uranium supply used by the United States for nuclear weapons in the Cold War came from New Mexico." Miller, E. (2021, December 23). 40 years after its closure, the Jackpile Mine’s toxic legacy continues. High Country News. http://www.hcn.org/articles/nuclear-energy-40-years-after-its-closure-the-jackpile-mines-toxic-legacy-continues/ -
National Defense Education Act Passed
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Civil Rights Act Passed
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Elementary & Secondary Education Act Passed
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Taos Pueblo declared a National Historic Landmark
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President Lyndon Johnson's Speech to Congress
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Four Corners Energy Sacrifice Zone
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Kennedy Report Released
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Period: to
Native Higher Education (Course Section)
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Period: to
Education, Sovereignty, & Self-Determination (Course Section)
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Return of 48,000 acres of land to the Taos Pueblo
"The single most dramatic event in the recent history of Taos Pueblo land is the 1970 return of 48,000 acres of mountain land including the sacred Blue Lake. It was taken by the U.S. Government in 1906 to become part of the National Forest lands. Among the ritual sites where Taos people go for ceremonial reasons, Blue Lake is perhaps the most important." About Taos Pueblo. (n.d.). Taos Pueblo. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://taospueblo.com/about/ -
Higher Education Act Passed
Title IX -
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Passed
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Gederal Land Policy and Management Act
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Period: to
A Nation at Risk!
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Native American Graves Protection and Repartriation Act Passed
"Passed in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) provides a process for returning human remains, funerary goods, and "objects of cultural patrimony" to American Indian individuals and tribes who are lineally descended from, or culturally affiliated with, the group represented by the materials. " Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
Period: to
Reviltalizing Language & Culture (Course Section)
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Taos Pueblo admitted to the World Heritage Society
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175 Languages Remaining Worldwide
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Pueblo of Acoma studies loss of language
Cultural Preservation Efforts of Acoma. (n.d.). Pueblo of Acoma. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloofacoma.org/about-us/cultural-preservation/ -
Acoma Language Retention Program Established
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The Pecos Repatriation of 1999
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Acoma Language Retention Program Established
"In very few instances were children learning Acoma Keres as a first language [...] English had replaced Keres as the primary language. Armed with this information, the Pueblo of Acoma Tribal Council and Tribal Administration worked to establish the Acoma Language Retention Program in 1999." Cultural Preservation Efforts of Acoma. (n.d.). Pueblo of Acoma. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloofacoma.org/about-us/cultural-preservation/ -
No Child Left Behind Passed
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Period: to
Standards & Accountability
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EPA Established
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline -
Native American Languages Act Passed
"The Native American Languages Act was passed in 1990 "to preserve, protect, and promote the rights and freedom of Native Americans to use, practice, and develop Native American languages." Because the act as originally passed contained no provision for funding, its impacts were largely symbolic at first." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
National Trust for Historic Preservation names Acoma Pueblo the 28th Historic Site
The Story of Acoma. (n.d.). Acoma Sky City. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.acomaskycity.org/page/our_story -
Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act Passed
"Named after celebrated Pueblo (Tewa) teacher, storyteller, and language-preservation activist Esther Martinez (1912-2006), the Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act of 2006 authorized grant funding for the preservation of Native American languages." Timeline 3: A.D. 1540 – the Present. (2023, February 2). Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. https://crowcanyon.org/timeline-3x/ -
Santa Clara Pueblo Tribal Historic Preservation Office Established
"In October of 2014, the Santa Clara Pueblo Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) was officially established." US Indian Boarding School History. (n.d.). The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/ -
Period: to
Native Education Today (Course Section)
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Period: to
Progress on H’aakume Keres Dictionary
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Deb Haaland Appointed Secretary of Interior
Timeline of Extractive Colonialism & Indigenous Resistance. (n.d.). Pueblo Action Alliance. Retrieved April 23, 2024, from https://www.puebloactionalliance.org/timeline