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Period: Apr 12, 1473 to Jul 8, 1543
Not the Center
In the mid 1500's, Nicolaus Copernicus had published the idea that Earth was not the center of the universe, but it revolved around the sun. -
Period: Mar 20, 1564 to
Observation
Galileo Galilei used a telescope to confirm predictions about star position and movement, and the individuals of the Renaissance were beginning to refine the modern concept of experimentation through observation. -
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Body and Mind
The French philosopher Rene Descartes had disagreed that the body and mind are separate and distinct, he had thought that there was a link between them. He has reasons that the mind controlled the body's movements, sensations, and perceptions. His approach to understanding human behavior was based on the assumption that the mind and body influence each other to create a persons experiences. -
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Heredity
Sir Francis Galton a nineteenth century English mathematician and scientist, wanted to understand how heredity influences a persons abilities, characters, and behavior. He had traced the ancestry of various eminent people and found that greatness runs in the families, he also concluded that genius or eminence is a heredity trait. -
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Wundt's Interest in the Human Mind
In Leipzig, Germany, Wilhelm Wundt started his Laboratory of Psychology. He is generally acknowledged as establishing modern psychology as a separate formal field of study, he also was a structuralist. Wundt had developed a method of self observations called introspection to collect information from the mind. -
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Father of psychology
William James taught the first class in psychology at Harvard University in 1875. He was referred to as the "father of psychology" in the United States. James speculated that thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering serve as one major function: to help us survive as a species. He had focused on the functions or purposes of the conscious mind and the goals or functions or purposes of behaviors -
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Behavioral Psychology
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist had done experiments with a dog to see its reaction every time it would eat meat powder. the dog accustomed to the sound of the turning fork when it rang and was ready to eat every time it heard the rang even if there was no food. This experiment showed that behavior is the product of prior experience and this explained how certain acts and differences among individuals were the result of learning. -
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Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud, a physician who was interested in the unconscious mind. He had believed that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg, and that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality. According to Freud, these unconscious motivations and conflicts are responsible for most human behavior, and that they were responsible for many medically unexplainable physical symptoms. -
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Behaviorist
Psychologist who stressed investigating observable behavior became known as behaviorist. Their position, as formulated by psychologist John B. Watson, was that psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. He maintained that all behavior is the result of conditioning and it occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment. -
The Laboratory of Psychology
In 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, Wilhelm Wundt started his Laboratory of Psychology, and in his laboratory, he modeled his research on the mind after research in other natural sciences he had studied. -
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German psychologist
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967, Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) , a group of German psychologist had disagreed with the principles of structuralism and behaviorism. They argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts, because it involves "a whole pattern" or in German Gestalt. Gestalt psychologist studied how sensations are resembled into perceptual experiences, and this became the forerunner for cognitive approaches to study psychology. -
Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Developments
Sir Francis Galton published a book Inquiries into Human Faculty and its developments, that is regarded as the first study of individual differences. -
The Principles of Psychology
It had taken 12 years for William James to write the first textbook called The Principles of Psychology -
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Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner had introduced the concept of reinforcement, which is a response to a behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated. He attempted to show how his laboratory techniques might be applied to society as a whole -
Utopia
Skinner portrayed his idea of Utopia in his classic novel Walden Two, a small town in which conditioning, through rewarding those who display behavior that is considered desirable , rules every conceivable facet of life. -
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology has benefited from the contributions of people such as Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Leon Festinger. They were all cognitivists that believed that behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus, it's influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations. -
Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic psychology developed as a reaction to behavioral psychology. In the 1960s, humanist like Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May described human nature as evolving and self-directed. It differs from behaviorism and psychoanalysis in that it does not view humans as being controlled by events in the environment or by unconscious forces. The humanistic approach emphasizes how each person is unique and has a self concept and potential to develop fully. -
Sociocultural Psychology
The approach to psychology involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning. Sociocultural psychologist considers how much knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are dependent on a culture you belong to. Psychologist Leonard Doob had illustrated the cultural implications of a simple, reflexive behavior, which is a sneeze. He had a lot of side questions on how, and what actions will be done when he sneeze
