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Protestants and Religious Music (18th century)
The earliest structured music education system in the country was formed to train singers for Protestant church services, to lead the congregation in psalm-singing. In the 18th century, the first singing schools in the country were founded and singing masters traveled New England, teaching in barns and schoolhouses, among other places. -
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Early Instrumental Teachers: The Howells and The Benjamins
• Up to this point, most instruction was voice.
• 1839 - D. J. Elder taught music theory and instrumental music in Knoxville, Tennessee
• University of Tennessee advertised music classes in vocal and instrumental
• James and Joseph Howell taught music and sold instruments in Cotton Plant, Arkansas from 1849 - 1861 -
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Curriculum for Music Education
in 1838, Lowell Mason created the first written music education curriculum and presented it to the Boston School Committee. The committee would accept his curriculum, as they agreed that music should be taught as a curricular subject in schools. -
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Early High School Choral Practices
•1837: A Northampton, MA offered a class in vocal music, nearly all the girls in the school were reported to have taken the class.
•1887: Edward Bailey Birge used good instructional techniques and successful public performances.
•1898: "The Creation" was given with the high school chorus which rehearsed one thirty minute period per week.
•1911: 659 High Schools presented that 47 schools presented oratorios and that 151 schools had required choir practice.
•1928: MSNC convention -
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The Conservatory System
• 1832: Eben Tourjee, one of the people who took credit for the invention of the conservatory system, was born.
• 1843: The Leipzig Conservatory, an institution started by Mendelssohn.
• 1857: No music written after Mendelssohn to be worthy of study or performance. Performances of Chopin and Schumann were rare.
• 1867: New England Conservatory established
• 1876: MNTA established to develop uniformity of approach to music education -
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The Rise of Instrumental Music
• 1842 - New York Philharmonic was founded
• 1878 - Symphony Society of New York
• 1880 - Saint Louis Symphony founded
• 1881 - Boston Symphony began
• Patrick Gilsmore's town band began to tour in 1869
• 1857 - First School Band on Thompson Island
• School who taught music before 1900s: Wichita, Kansas; Edinburg, Pennsylvania; Hartford, Connecticut; New Albany, Indiana
• 1869 - Walter Aiken was reported to have a school orchestra -
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The Howell Brothers
• James and Joseph Howell taught music and sold instruments in Cotton Plant, Arkansas from 1849 - 1861
• The decade before the Civil War
• Used the pentatonic scale
• Taught violin
• Wrote first method book in 1859
• Sold their own instruments -
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Contests and Festivals
• 1850: The first eisteddfod held after the American Civil War in Pennsylvania
• 1877: A convention of corner bands took place in Portage, Wisconsin on June 7 and 8 made profit
• 1896: “World Solo Trumpet” competition in Nebraska
• 1897: first Boston school contest held -
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The St. Olaf Choir
• Small Lutheran school in Minnesota
• Set artistic example for high school and college choirs
• 1888- F. Melius Christiansen came to America from Norway
• Christiansen want to be a violinist but built the department of music at St. Olaf
• First success was with the band
• 1904 - Concerts in nearby cities
• 1912 - St. Olaf choir started touring
• Memorized music, straight tone, no vibrato
• 1942 - Christiansen retired and was succeed by his son -
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The Benjamin's
• Lewis and Frank Benjamin
• Taught instruments in classes
• Musical academy in Brooklyn, NY in the 1880s
• Lewis wrote and method book in 1851
• The Children's Carnivals in 1883 and 1891 - hundreds of students
• Free violin school in 1888 -
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Early Band in the United States
• Bands came around in the 1880s
• 1823 - New York City had five prominent bands
• More bands in Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, and Maryland
• 1821 - Military band with fourteen people
• 1834 - Reed band
• Before 1850 the minstrel band was popular
• Patrick Gilmore directed brass bands
• 1864 - Gilmore assembled a band of 500 players and chorus of 5000 school children
• 1992-John Philips Sousa created modern-day, professional bands
• 1900s - industrial bands -
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Immigration to America and "American Music"
Due to the mass immigration from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, there was a need for "American songs" for the millions of immigrants to hear and associate with the United States. -
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Frank Damrosch and Choir
• Rise is band in high school overlooked choir
• 1881-1885 - Frank Damrosch became first supervisor or music in Denver
• 1892 - formed Peoples' Singing Classes at Cooper Union (over 1200 students)
• 1893 - organized Musical Arts Society of New York
• A Cappella singing became popular
• 1894 - Raised money for first A Cappella concert
• 1918-1919 - Damrosch was in the service
• 1930- Don Cossack Choir American debut -
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Westminster Choir
•1891: Lurkin came to head the Northwestern Conservatory of Music.
•1895: Lurkin developed a complete course of study.
•1906: Northwestern University became the first school with an a cappella choir.
•1912: John Finley Williamson, a graduate of Otterbein, and the Westminser Choir became an influential choir -
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Instrumental Music in the Public Schools
• 1896: Farnsworth ends tenure at Leipzig Conservatory
• 1898: Event created to help change the course of school music teaching.
• 1905: The First Annual Festival of the National Union of School Orchestras in 1905 featured 700 students.
• 1910: Albert Mitchell was given leave from position at Boston schools to teach in England.
• 1914: The event grew to 6,800 students. The First World War brought this activities to a sudden stop.
• 1918: Albert Thomas published a method for use with his classes. -
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College Bands
• 1896 - Purdue University band
• 1897 - University of Wisconsin band
• 1902 - St. Olaf college band
• 1906 - Baylor's permanent band -
NAfME
In 1907 the organization which is now known as the National Association for Music Educators (NAfME) was formed. Back then, it was known as the Music Educators National Conference (MENC) -
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Miessner, Wainwright, Woods, Birge
• 1907 - W. Otto Miessner started a band
• 1913 - John W. Wainwright organised a boys' band
• 1914 - Glenn H. Woods reported about Oakland, California bands and orchestras
• Big changes in schools in the early 1900s - child clinics opened, hot lunches were served, school nurses on staff, school playgrounds
• 1920 - Edward Bailey Birge prepared a questionnaire to determine status of instrumental music in schools -
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School Band
• 1923 - school became important in school
• WWI impacted the school band movement
• Military bands needed directors
• 1918 - Walter Damrosch tested military bands efficiency -
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The Great Depression
• 1931 - The Great Depression forces the cancellation of only one contest -
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The Development of Professional Standards
•1949: The National Commission on Instruction published the "School Music Program: Description and Standards" in response to the Tanglewood Symposium.
•1986: The second edition of MENC's goal for the next decade. -
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Civil Rights Movement
During the 1950's and 1960's, the United States was experiencing major social and cultural changes. It was at this time the Civil Rights Movement was at its peak and schools began to express a need for students to listen to and play music from other cultures. -
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Cold War's Affect on Music
In 1950's, the space race began the cold war. Due to the perceived need to built bombs, missiles, and other weapons, music education was again put behind math and science/ -
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Philosophy of Music Education
• Philosophy and Psychology in Music Education since the 1950s
• Utilitarian belief and aesthetic philosophy
• 1954 - MENC organized Commission on Basic Concepts
• 1958 - First book - "Basic Concepts in Music Education" - utilitarian values
• 1959 - Second book - "Principles of Music Education"
• 1970 - Bennett Reimer's Philosophy of Music Education - aesthetic education
• 1990s - David Elliott's book
• 1993 - Established SRIG
• 2009 - 130 attended the twentieth Society symposium in Finland -
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The Contemporary Music Project
•1957: The Ford Foundation began to explore the relationship between the arts and society.
•1959: Dello Joio's resulted in a Ford Foundation grant to establish the Young Composer's Project in 1959.
•1964-1965: Seminars held for children to animate their minds to compose music.
•1965: Northwestern University hosted the Seminar on Comprehensive Musicianship.
1968-1973: CMP created three different programs to better music education in the classroom
1973: The CMP ended -
Wood's Hole Conference
In 1959, the AASA proposed a more balanced curriculum which included the arts (music/drama/art) as curricular subjects along with math and science -
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Psychology of Music Education
• 1968 - Nelson Goodman's book "Languages of Arts"
• 1967 - Goodman Founded Project Zero at Harvard University
• Howard Gardner is codirector of Project zero
• Arts PROPEL - Howard Gardner -
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The Tanglewood Symposium
•1960: Tanglewood Symposium became an important planning event for music education.
•1967: Symposium takes place in Tanglewood, MA at the home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. MENC helped to sponsor the event. The first week of the symposium was devoted to discussion of value systems in a challenging society and behavioral science. -
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The Julliard Repertory Project
•1964: The Julliard Repetory Project was founded with Vittorio Giannini as project director. The project created music of high quality for singers from kindergarten through sixth grade. Researchers were appointed to specialize in a different period of music history.