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Integrate Central High School
a federal judge ordered public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, to begin desegregation. The Little Rock school superintendent, Virgil Blossom, hoped to postpone the change as long as possible. -
Congress of Racial Equality Founded
Congress of Racial Equality: an organization founded in 1942 that was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation was common in public places, especially in the South. The segregation of public accommodations got a boost in 1896, when the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that railroad cars could be segregated as long as the accommodations were “separate but equal.” -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
color line: a barrier—created by custom, law, and economic differences—that separated whites from nonwhites -
Brown v.s Board of Education
Brown vs Board of Education: the 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. On December 1, 1955, four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
meant to help the colored people
still in place -
Montgomery bus boycott
Boycott and Rosa Parks Parks refused to get up out of her seat
bus for whites
part of Segregated times -
Sit ins
sit-in: a civil rights protest in which protesters sit down in a public place and refuse to move, thereby causing the business to lose customers -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black power, SNCC: a civil rights organization formed in 1960 by college students, who organized sit-ins and other nonviolent protests -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides: civil rights protests in which blacks and whites rode interstate buses together in 1961 to test whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport -
Birmingham campaign
SCLC decided to turn to children. Although the decision was controversial, King argued that the children who took part in the demonstrations would develop “a sense of their own stake in freedom and justice.”
they were a big group helping people
helped children to freedom -
March on Washington
NAACP a 1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: a religious group, also known as the Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson it banned discrimination on race and sexuality
president Kennedy got it through -
Regents of the University of California vs Bakke
Regents of the University of California vs Bakke: a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Disenfranchise: an act of Congress outlawing literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used to deny African Americans the right to vote -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
Watts riot: a 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot -
Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenberg Board of Education
Swann vs Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination: people excluded someone just because of their race
most people didn't agree with this idea.
others didn't mind it
