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Shannon and Weaver Model
Focus on the process of communication pathways in instruction; basis for the what and how a medium is utilized in instruction -
FCC Ruling
The Federal Communications Commission rules to maintain over 200 television channels solely for educational purposes. The 1950's saw the rise of television, a trend that effected many areas of society, education included. This decision led the way for public broadcasting. -
"The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching"
Written by B.F. Skinner, the article promoted the ideas of programmable instruction, based on learner analysis, intentional implementation of instructional techniques, and strategically decided content material. The notion of such compartmentalized learning is an early example of instructional design. -
Bloom's Taxonomy
Based on previous work by Ralph Tyler, Benjamin Bloom established the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, categorizing learning objectives based on cognitive domains. Bloom's Taxonomy continues to influence the front end analysis process for instructors and instructional designers. -
Criterion Referenced Testing
Although the basis for such assessment had been around for several decades prior, in 1963 it was officially defined and acknowledge. Criterion Referenced Testing focuses assessing students on a standard set of objectives rather than a comparison among their peers. Such testing is relevant to instructional design because it provides feedback in which to base revision of program instruction. -
The Conditions of Learning
Written by Robert Gagne, the text presents five domains in which learning outcomes can be categorized. Gagne's work has been considered essential to the instructional design field for the past five decades. -
Summative and Formative Evaluation
Michael Scriven determined the necessity of formative evaluation of instructional materials during the instructional design process in order to make revisions as needed rather than at the end when corrections would not be effective. -
Journal of Instructional Development
Given the expansion of the field through the introduction of several different models, application in different sectors of society, as well as at the national level in countries such as Indonesia, the Journal of Instructional Development was created to publish such findings. -
Dick & Carey Models and More
During the 1970's the instructional design field experienced an expansion of models, varying in approach, to be applied. The Dick & Carey model is the most widely recognized and applied. -
Rise of Computers
With the introduction and then expansion of personal computers worldwide, the role of such mediums became more influential in education as well. By the mid 1980's, computers supported nearly half of K-12 education in the United States. Ten years later, school systems across the U.S. would see a ratio of 9 students for every computer on campus. -
Authentic Learning
While little development occurred during the 1980's connecting instructional design and the field of education, the rise of Constructivist Teaching pushed educators to consider the instructional design process in order to apply authentic learning in the classroom. Literature on instructional design principles became more widely accessible to instructors at the K-12 level -
Growth of Online Training
Between the mid 1990's and 2008 technology supported training and professional development increased to 30% of the total corporate training offered across the sector. Factors that led to the computer's increased presence in instruction include the expanding capabilities of the computer, introduction of support equipment such as projectors, and software such as Microsoft 360, web conferencing, and other online platforms. -
Expanding Role of Computers in K-12
Furthermore by the end of the first decade of the 21st century, many K-12 school systems adopted initiatives that supported the growth of elearning classrooms. The percentage of computers in the class went from 64% 93% between 1999 to 2009.