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150
400 BC Process of Examining
Democritus advocates inductive reasoning through a process of examining the causes of sensory perceptions and drawing conclusions about the outside world.
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150
300 BC Geometry
Euclid's Elements expound geometry as a system of theorems following logically from axioms known with certainty.
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150
400 BC Three Prong Method
In China, Mozi and the School of Names advocate using one's senses to observe the world, and develop the "three-prong method" for testing the truth or falsehood of statements.
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150
320 BC Comprihencive Documents
First comprehensive documents categorising and subdividing knowledge, dividing knowledge into different areas by Aristotle,(physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, and biology). Aristotle's Posterior Analytics defends the ideal of science as necessary demonstration from axioms known with certainty.
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150
1600BC, The Edwin Smith papyrus/Treatment of Disease
An Egyptian medical textbook, the Edwin Smith papyrus, (circa 1600 BC), applies the following components: examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, to the treatment of disease, which display parallels to basic empirical methodology.
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Jan 1, 1021
1021, Experimental Methods
Alhazen introduces the experimental method and combines observations, experiments and rational arguments in his Book of Optics
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Jan 1, 1025
1025, Another Step
More Info!Abu Rayhan al-biruni, develops experimental methods for mineralogy and mechanics, and conducts elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena -
Jan 1, 1220
1220, The begining of the Framework
Robert Grosseteste, an English scholastic philosopher, theologian and the bishop of Lincoln, published his Aristotelian commentaries, which laid out the framework for the proper methods of science.
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Jan 1, 1235
1235, The end of the framework
Robert Grosseteste, an English scholastic philosopher, theologian and the bishop of Lincoln, published his Aristotelian commentaries, which laid out the framework for the proper methods of science.
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Jan 1, 1265
1265, Getting There
Roger Bacon, an English monk, inspired by the writings of Grosseteste, described a scientific method, which he based on a repeating cycle of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and the need for independent verification. He recorded the manner in which he conducted his experiments in precise detail so that others could reproduce and independently test his results.
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1595, Microsope
Microscope invented in Holland
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1600, Labs
First Dedicated Labratory
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1608, Telescope
Telescope Invented in Holland
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1637, Scientific Method
The first Scientific Method declared, Rene Descartes
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1637, Two New Sciences
Galileo's Two New Sciences published, containing two thought experiments, namely Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment and Galileo's ship, which are intended to disprove existing physical theories by showing that they have contradictory consequences
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1812, Thought Method
The formulation by Hans Christian Ørsted of the Latin-German mixed term Gedankenexperiment (lit. experiment conducted in the thoughts, or thought experiment). Although the method had been in use by philosophers since antiquity.
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1815, Optimal Design
An optimal design for polynomial regression is published by Joseph Diaz Gergonne.
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1877, Trichotomy
Charles Sanders Peirce publishes "Illustrations of the Logic of Science", popularizing his trichotomy of Abduction, Deduction and Induction. Peirce explains randomization as a basis for statistical inference.
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1885, Psychology
C. S. Peirce with Joseph Jastrow first describes blinded, randomized experiments, which become established in psychology
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1897, Multiple Hypothesis
Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposes the use of multiple hypotheses to assist in the design of experiments. More Info -
1926, Randomize Becomes Popular
Randomized design popularized and analyzed by Ronald Fisher (following Peirce)
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1934, Falsifiability
Falsifiability as a criterion for evaluating new hypotheses is popularized by Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery (following Peirce)
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1946, Computer
first computer simultation More Info! -
1946, Meta Study
Meta study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions)
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2009, Robot
Adam - First working prototype of a "robot scientist" able to perform independent experiments to test hypotheses and interpret findings without human guidance.
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