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Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
- Civil Rights protect an individuals freedom from the government
- A group of students founded it
- Counseled migrants, black social workers
- First action: sit-in at segregated coffee shop
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Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
- Color line was an invisible barrier that separated whites from non-whites
- Jackie Robinson was the first black major league baseball player
- Was hired by the general manager, Branch Rickey
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Executive Order 9981
- Segregation was the separation of blacks and whites
- Blacks in the military and army had to be treated equally as whites
- The order stated that there should be equality for all people regardless to race, color, religion, or national origin
- With the policy of the Executive order, the desegregation became an official policy in the armed forces
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
- Nation of Islam: a religious group of black muslims that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing their own communities
- Malcolm X: worked for the promotion of black nationalism
- Called for complete separation from white society, wanted them to make their own schools, churches, buildings
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Brown V. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case, NAACP's lawyer
- Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school close to her home, case was argued in front of Warren Court
- Public schools became desegregated -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Start)
- Boycott: a withdrawal in association with a certain group or company in order to prove a point
- Rosa Parks: civil rights activist who initiated the bus boycott by being arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man
- Leaders of the NAACP chose to use the buses as a way to protest, 90% of people who usually rode public transportation didn't that day
- African Americans in Montgomery made an elaborate transportation system, as the boycott went on for 381 days
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Integration of Central High School
- Little Rock Nine: the nine black students that were the first to go to an integrated high school in Little Rock, Arkansas
- President Eisenhower sent in the national guard to protect the students and to allow them to enter the school
- 8/9 of the students finished out the school year at Central High School
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First Lunch Counter Sit-In
- Jim Crow laws: a set of unwritten rules that said we didn't have to serve blacks if we didn't want to
- Sit in: a civil rights protest where protesters sit in a public place and refuse to move, therefore causing the business to lose customers
- The SNCC was the group of students that organized most of the protests with people from their group
- The sit-ins transformed the segregated south and changed the civil rights movement
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Freedom Rides
- Civil Disobedience: nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust
- SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organized nonviolent protests
- Freedom rides were where blacks and whites rode interstate buses together to test southern states to see if they were following the desegregation on public transportation law
- Some of the buses were bombed and the passengers on the buses were beat by angry white mobs
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Birmingham Campaign
- SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) was an organization formed by MLK Jr and other civil rights leaders to use nonviolent resistance to achieve social and political goals
- King and other leaders in the SCLC met up and decided to do peaceful protests
- There were lots of people that agreed to using and participating in these peaceful protests
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March on Washington
- NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) an organization that was made to prevent the unfair treatment of colored people
- Organized by leaders of the countries major civil rights associations, over 250,000 people marched for the prevention of unfair treatment of colored people
- Largest political gathering ever held in the US
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark constitutional case of the US court, it upheld state segregation laws in public places based on the doctrine "separate but equal"
- President LBJ passed the act into law, after pushing for it
- The act banned discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or national origin
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Disenfranchise: deprive someone of the right to vote
- Outlawed literacy tests and other tactics that were used to deny blacks the right to vote
- Federal government intervention ensured that no eligible voter was turned away, the idea was proved quite successful
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Watts Riot
- Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the cause of the Watts riot
- Ghettos: a part of a city where certain people of an ethnic group live
- Lasted for six days, 34 people died, and the national guard was sent in to stop the riot
- The long term cause of the riot was police brutality, unfair treatment, and poverty
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Black Panther Party Founded
- Black Power: the slogan that black people used to describe their liberation and what they were going to do to get it
- Black Panthers were a group that were willing to use violent action to get liberation, and who helped in their communities
- Best known for their actions to end police mistreatment of blacks
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Discrimination: unjust treatment of certain people or things
- After MLK was assassinated, the government decided to do something and pass this act
- Banned discrimination in the sales of houses and rentals and allowed the federal government to file lawsuits against people who didn't follow this law
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
- Desegregation: ending the policy of segregation, putting whites and blacks together and not separating them
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklelnberg was the supreme court ruling that schools were to use buses to integrate their schools
- Buses were sent to predominately white or black neighborhoods and bused the kids to different schools where they would be with kids of different color
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Affirmative action: an action or policy favoring people who are suffering from discrimination
- Bakke was a white student who had been rejected admittance to UC because he was white, and the school was admitting less smart minorities
- Took the case to the Supreme Court, sued the school for "reverse discrimination" and won, was admitted to the school
