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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
Civil Rights- the CORE's main goal was to provide civil rights to all in a timely manner without violence.
-The CORE's first action was a protest at a segregated coffee shop.
-This coffee shop protest gained national attention and helped promote this group. -
Jackie Robinson hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
Color Line-the barrier created by custom, law, and economic differences that separated whites from nonwhites
-Jackie Robinson crossed the color line when he was hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers
-Fans, players on his team, and players on the opposing team all did not support him being there. -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation- the belief that minorities are different and should be treated as such.
-Executive Order 9981 abolished segregation in the armed forces
-Many black men refused to fight in a segregated army, so Truman signed it in order to rebuild the troops -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam-a religious group, also known as the Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
Malcom X- ex convict, leader of black pride
-agreed with nonviolence
-Malcom X converted to orthodox Islam an three members of the nation of islam killed him -
Brown vs. Board of Education ruling
Thurgood Marshall- the plantiff's lawyer in this case
-Linda Brown was denied access into a white school, so the NAACP sued the school.
-Earl Warren, a chief supreme justice convinced each of the other justices to cast a unanimous vote for the desegregation of schools. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
boycott- to refuse to do something
Rosa Parks- a woman of color who refused to give up her seat to a white man and was arrested for it
-led by 26 year old MLK
-Colored people refused to take the buses because they faced major racism
-developed a carpool system -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock 9-the first nine black students to integrate into an all white school.
The Little Rock 9 were not welcomed into their school by white students.
Students were escorted with troops into their new school. -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
Sit ins- African Americans sat at a lunch counter all day because they were denied being served
Jim Crow Laws- laws enacted in the 1880s enabling segregation in the south
-college students led the sit-ins
-the Greensboro sit-in gained attention nationally and led to many more sit-ins -
Freedom Rides
Civil Obedience-the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust
SNCC-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a group organized in 1960 that launched sit-ins and other nonviolent protests -Blacks rode on white interstate buses to see if southern states were complying with the supreme court ruling against segregation
-white mob attacked the bus and threw a bomb into the bus -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham jail
SCLC-Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-Birmingham was known as the most segregated city in the country, so the SCLC decided to focus their attention there.
-Many protesters were thrown in jail and MLK wrote a letter in response to an ad criticizing his tactics. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v Ferguson- a case where the supreme court ruled that railroad cars were allowed to be segregated
-This led to state law legalizing segregation in public places such as theaters, restaurants, libraries and parks
-Although they ruled that it must be separate but equal, there was a clear difference between white and black facilities. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
disenfranchise- depriving someone of the right to vote
-This act outlawed using literacy tests as an excuse to not allow African Americans to vote.
-In a 4 year span, the amount of black voters went from 7% to 59%. -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission- the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
Ghettos- The Watts ghetto was where a big riot took place
-The Watts riot lasted 6 days and 34 people were killed.
-Cause of the riots was police brutality -
Black Panther Party founded
Black power- having pride in being black
-a group that demanded equal rights and were threatening violence
-Black panthers broke apart by 1970's because they were put in jail for violence -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
discrimination-unfair judgement of someone based off of their race, skin color, religion, sex, age etc.
-this act banned discrimination of the sale, rental, and financing of houses based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-gave the federal government the ability to file lawsuits against those who violated the law -
March on Washington
NAACP-
-A march including over 250,000 people demanding "jobs and freedom"
-one of the largest political gatherings in the US -
Swann vs. Charlotte Mecklenberg Board of Education
desegregation- the end of racial segregation
this case ruled that districts must use integrated busing to integrate schools.
-the school district thought this was unfair and appealed it back to the supreme court, where there was a unanimous decision that it was fine. -
Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
Affirmative Action-a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
-jury was very divided
-decided that race could be used as one of the criteria for school admissions, but not the only one
