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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
- Civil Rights is the human right to be equal in society.
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an organization that started in 1942 that was made to help civil rights with no violence.
- CORE spread to northern cities after being noticed for a peaceful protest in a segregated coffee shop in Chicago in 1943.
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Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
- Color line is a barrier separating blacks from whites.
- Dodgers and Robinson broke the Color Line.
- Robinson took the field in 1947.
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Executive Order 9981
- Segregation is grouping people by race/ belief.
- President Truman signs this Executive Order, it effects those in the military.
- Executive Order 9981 ends armed forces segregation.
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
- Nation of Islam was a religious group that wanted complete separation from the white society by making black businesses, schools, and communities.
- Malcolm X was a criminal as a child and when he was in jail, he was was introduced to he teachings of Elijah Muhammad, who was the leader of the Nation of Islam.
- Muhammad taught that black people were the first people on Earth and that they had been tricked out of their power and were then treated badly by the whites.
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Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling
- Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP's main attorney.
- This was a Supreme Court ruling saying that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
- Class - Action Lawsuit is a lawsuit filed by people who think it will benefit themselves and other certain groups of people.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
- A Boycott is a form of protest where people will stop doing something in order to make something right.
- Rosa Parks was sitting in the front of a bus when she was asked to move to the back with the rest of the blacks, but she refused and she was arrested.
- This Boycott resulted in black people not riding the city buses so they could make them go out of business, so they would car pool, take taxi's. and they would even ride their bikes to the places they needed to be.
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Integration of Central High School
- Little Rock Nine was a group of nine black students that attended a white public school and faced a lot of death threats and other things.
- The Little Rock Nine had the Arkansas National Guard to protect them from white people who would hurt them in the hallways of in classes.
- Soon after the Little Rock Nine was recognized, segregation in schools became outlawed.
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First Lunch Counter Sit-in
- Jim Crow Laws are state laws that enforce racial segregation mostly in the Southern United States.
- A Sit-in back then was when a very small or sometimes large group of black Americans would sit in a segregated place that they weren't supposed to be in and would stay until something happened.
- On February 1, four African American students went to a lunch counter and ordered food, but the waitress refused to give them their food, and they sat at the counter until the place had closed.
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Freedom Rides
- Civil Disobedience is when a protester refuses to follow a law that they believe is unjust.
- SNCC was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and was designed by college students, and they would plan sit-ins and other nonviolent protests.
- The Freedom Rides were when black people and black people would ride interstate buses together to see if the southern states were supporting the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport.
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Birmingham Campaign: A Letter From a Birmingham Jail
- SCLC is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
- On April 12, MLK and 50 other black Americans were arrested.
- They planned on taking down the city's segregation system by putting pressure on the city's merchants.
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March on Washington
- NAACP is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and was made to ensure the political, social, educational, and economical rights of black people.
- The March on Washington was a protest where 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capitol for "Jobs and Freedom" and a passage of civil rights legislation.
- The goal was to was to make people realize the unfair and unequal treatment that the blacks had been getting in the war industries.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Plessy vs. Ferguson was a court case giving states permission to make their own segregation laws.
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was an act that banned discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national religion.
- President LBJ supported the Civil Rights bill after Kennedy's assassination.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Disenfranchise is taking away someones right to vote.
- The Voting Act Right of 1965 was when Congress outlawed literacy tests and other tactics that had been recently used to make sure that African Americans could not vote.
- The number of overall African American voters in the south went from 1 million to 3.1 million.
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Watts Riot
- Kerner Commission was the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that said that white racism was the main cause of the Watts Riot.
- A Ghetto is a part of a city where people of the same ethnic group live.
- Watts Riot was a riot in Watts, which was a black ghetto in Los Angeles, that started because the people were mad about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment.
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Black Panther Party Founded
- To many African Americans, Black Power is the power to shape public policy through political process.
- The Black Panther Party was a group that wanted economic and political rights and would use violence if they needed too.
- Shirley Chisholm was the first black woman elected into Congress with the help of the Black Panther Party and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Discrimination is the unjust treatment to a different race, gender, or even religion.
- The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was about housing discrimination and was also know as the Fair Housing Act.
- President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
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Swann vs. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education
- Desegregation is trying to stop segregation, like making places so blacks and whites can be in the same place and have the same rights.
- Swann vs. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education the Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to get school integration.
- Schools were using school buses to try to make it so their was an even amount of black students and white students in their schools.
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Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
- Affirmative Action is a policy that calls on employers to seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce.
- Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke was a Supreme Court ruling that barely upheld Affirmative Action saying that race is one factor but not the sole criterion in school admissions.
- A white man named Allan Bakke sued the University of California Davis Medical School with reverse discrimination, because they rejected him twice.
