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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
In 1588, Phillip II made preparations to send an armada to invade England. A successful invasion of England would mean the overthrow of Protestantism. The fleet that set sail had neither the ships nor the manpower that Phillip had planned to send. By the end of Phillip's reign in 1598, Spain was not the great power that it appeared to be. Spain was the most populous empire in the world, but it was on his court. Phillip spent too much on war. Spain continued to play the role of a great power. -
Edicts of Nantes Issued
Edicts of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France.It granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, aka Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation and freedom of worship and legal equality. It also ended the War of Religion. The Edict was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, causing many Huguenots to emigrate. -
King James l
He believed he received power from the God and was only responsible to God, this is known as the Divine Right of Kings. Parliament disagreed with this, and thought the King and Parliament should rule together. After he died, Charles I took over, ignored policies and imposed his own rules. Puritans were protestants who did not like the King's strong defense of the Church of England, when Charles I took over they left over America. -
The Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War lasted from 1618 to 1648. It was a war between the Catholics and the Protestants in France. It started as a religious war, but slowly turned into a political war. The countries involved were : France, Sweden, Spain, Denmark, and the Hapsburg Dynasty. -
Charles l
Charles I is the son of James I. He was in constant need of money due to the war with Spain and France, which Parliament refused and angered Charles. Agreed to creation of Petition of Rights. -
Petition of Rights
The Petition of Rights is a statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I . Refusal by Parliament to finance the king's unpopular foreign policy had caused his government to exact forced loans and to quarter troops in subjects' houses as an economy measure. -
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was a military genius who ran Parliament's model army for a while. Oliver was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing activities in Ireland euphemistically called as Cromwellian Genocide.He set up commonwealth, a republic. After commonwealth failed, he set up a military dictatorship in England. -
King Louis XIV becomes king of France.
He became king at the young age of 4. He inherited the crown when his father, King Louis XIII, died in 1643. A regency council was appointed to rule until Louis was old enough, and his mother, Anne of Austria, served as sole regent for her son. -
War of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties which were signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion, including the Thirty Years' War. -
Leviathan Published
Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651.Hobbes argued that the absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, who agreed, in a hypothetical social contract, to obey the sovereign in all matters in exchange for a guarantee of peace and security. -
Peter the Great
Peter the Great westernized Russia.He ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from May 7 1682 until his death in 1725. He introduced new technologies, and western customs like shaving. If you wanted to keep your beard, you had to pay a beard tax. He also made people wear western fashions. He also advanced education by opening schools -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution took place from 1688 to 1689 in England. It involved the overthrow of the Catholic king James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. Motives for the revolution were complex and included both political and religious concerns. The event ultimately changed how England was governed, giving Parliament more power over the monarchy and planting seeds for the beginnings of a political democracy. -
William of Orange invades England
In 1688 a group of Protestant nobles went to Holland and invited William of Orange to invade England with his army. In their invitation, they informed William that most of the kingdom's people wanted a change.William forces landed at Torbay and began their march toward England. James then retreated to London. There he made plans for his wife and son. With almost no bloodshell, England had undergone a " Glorious Revoltion". -
English Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights 1689 is a landmark Act in the constitutional law of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown.The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech. -
Fredrick the Great
Frederick the Great ruled the Kingdom of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, the longest reign of any. In March 1741, Frederick set out a campaign again, but was forced to fall back by a sudden surprise attack by the Austrians.Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia and declared himself King of Prussia after achieving sovereignty over most historically Prussian lands in 1772. Prussia had increased its territories and became a leading military power in Europe under his rule.
