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Transforming the West
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Farmers
Farmers would struggles in the 1800s because droughts would occur and insects would be known as the crop killer in the 1800s, prices decreased (foreign wheat), foreclosed farms, large farms were the most profitable. Many of the farmers in the Midwest lived in single room log cabins. Injuries were very common while farming with these tools. Another important tool that defined this period in Midwest farming was the reaper, a device that could cut grain better than the scythe. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act was a law passed by Congress in 1862 that granted 160 acres of federal land to any United States citizen. An individual was given ownership of the land for free if that person lived on the land for five years and improved the land by building a home and producing a crop. Landless farmers, former slaves, and single women took advantage of it. -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Land Grant College Act was an act that funded new universities in sparsely populated areas through taxes on the sale of public land. It was a major boost to higher education in America. The grant was originally set up to establish institutions is each state that would educate people in agriculture, home economics, and mechanical arts. This bill was signed by Abraham Lincoln on July 2. This gave each state 30,000 acres of public land for each Senator and Representative. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Salvation Army
The Salvation Army is a protestant Christian para-church and an international charitable organization structure in a quasi-military fashion. The organization reports a worldwide membership of over 1.5 million, consisting of soldiers, officers, and adherents known as Salvationists. It's founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs." -
Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad was a 1,912-mile continuous railroad line build between 1863 and 1869. The railroad line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. It had two corporations: the union and central pacific. The union pacific was built in the west and the central pacific was built in the east. They met in Promontory Point, Utah in May 1869. -
John Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller was born on July 8th, 1839. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, the richest person in modern history, and a major philanthropist. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. It achieved important economies by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust, Holding Companies and started the Horizontal Merger. -
Laissez Faire
Laissez Faire, a french phrase that translates to "allow to do", is a policy of letting things take their own course, without the government interfering. Laissez Faire was based on the belief that the natural economic order tends, when undisturbed by artificial stimulus or regulation, to secure the maximum well-being for the individual and therefore for the community as a whole. This was one of the guiding principles of capitalism and to a free market economy. -
Strikes
Workers will start striking because they wanted better pay. Police officers would routinely break up strikes and sometimes arrested leaders. Many of the judges would rule in favor of the employers. One particular strike was called the Great uprising of 1877. That was a railroad strike that spread from West Virginia to other cities across the country. Labor unions became netter organized and the nation guard was created as a result. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Social Darwinism claimed that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. Spencer and many others had the belief that Social Darwinism just justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. It relates to the controversial Theory of Evolution and it was advocated against helping the poor. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of the Little Big Horn was fought on June 25 near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory. It was federal troops led by Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. George Custer was slaughtered and portrayed as a hero; people played down his errors. Custer underestimated the size of the native forces. This battle marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst US Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. -
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The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding. -
Farmers Alliance
The Farmers Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1877. It as the first one in TX. It grew in 1870's - 80's and formed co-ops to purchase goods in bulk at a discount. The alliance was segregated by race and very politically powerful. -
Exodusters
The Exodusters is a label for freed African Americans who came from the states near the Mississippi River after the Civil War and migrated to Kansas during the Reconstruction era. They fled the Southern U.S to get away from the racial oppression such as the KKK, Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws, and liked Kansas because that state was always a free state. Their name is the "Exodusters" because the Exodus, the book of the bible that tells about how the Jews were escaping from slavery in Egypt. -
Tenements
In the 19th century, more and more people began crowding into America's cities, including thousands of newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life than the one they had left behind. In New York City-where the populations doubled. Due to the increase in population and immigrants migrating to the United States of America, tenements were made. These narrow, low-rise apartment buildings-many of them concentrated in the city's lower East side neighborhoods-were all too often cramped. -
Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor was used to get rid of market competition for a cooperative one. It was a secret labor organization formed to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen in respect to their relations to their employers. Also It was open to all workers of any race. They boycotted businesses and asked for equal pay for both men and for women. The group grew by 1886 and had as many of 700,000 members. Now Labor Day is established as a national holiday because of the Knights of Labor. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major law restricting immigrants into the US. It was started in response to economic fears because Americans attributed unemployment and declining wages to Chinese workers whom they also viewed as racially inferior. This Act halted Chinese immigration for ten years and prohibited Chinese from becoming US citizens. The law was repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943 during World War II, when China was an ally in the war against imperial Japan. -
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act banned Federal candidates from requiring that federal employees work on their campaigns or make financial contributions. It extended the about rule to all federal civil service workers. Previously before the Act, government workers were expected to make campaign contributions in order to keep their jobs. It also enacted civil service reform, said the Civil Service Exam must be taken in order to receive most government jobs and highest scores got the jobs. -
Exploitation
Exploitation was the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. There was strict rules that was places on employees like expecting them to work in silence. The foreman and managers were the ones who enforces workplace rules. The non-compliance workers resulted in them getting fines or even as far as termination. Because of exploitation employers circulated list with bad workers so they wouldn't be hired. -
Haymarket Riot
On May 4th, a protest was planned to kill strikers at Haymarket Square, Chicago. 300 police officers came to breakup the crowd and a couple of angry cops attacked them with batons and guns. In total there was only 7 police dead. he Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. The Haymarket Riot damages the labor movement into the early 20th century. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Dawes Severalty act allowed the president to survey any Indian land and divide the land into individual ownership. It also allowed the purchase of excess land that they thought the Indians didn't need. The problems were that whites could buy surplus land and the speculateous conned natives out of their own land. But at the end of the day the act was a fail because the pieces of land were super small to sustain agriculture by the people who aren't familiar with it. -
The Wizard of Oz
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz include treatments of the modern fairy tale (written by L. Frank Baum and first published in 1900) as an allegory or metaphor for the political, economic, and social events of America in the 1890s. The populist Movement, in U.S. history, and politically oriented coalition of agrarian reformers in the Middle West and South that advocated a wide range of economic and political legislation in the late 19th century. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was born November 25, 1835. He was a Scottish-American philanthropist, industrialist, and business magnate. Growing up he was poor but he was very hardworking and had investment. Carnegie led the expansion of the steel industry and is often referred as one of the richest people. He was the first to invest in the Bessemer process that transformed America. Also he used vertical integration to control all phases of production in his company. -
Hull House
During 1889 Hull House was a settlement house in the United States. Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr were the co-founders of the Hull House that is located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois. They opened the house to plenty of immigrants and educated the working poor in the subjects of art and literature. In conclusion, In memoir of the Twenty Years at Hull-house it became Chicago's first Nobel Peace Prize laureate. -
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Imperialism
The Imperialism was a policy strong nation seeks to dominate other countries.It was an Unequal relationship between humans and territorial which usually formed empires.After all, it was the practices of dominance and involving extension of authority to one state over another. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Sherman Anti-Trust Act is a landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law passed by Congress in 1890. Congress passed this law to prohibit monopolies that has grown quickly. Basically they wanted to create a fair competition in the work area and make restrictions of any take-overs of departments. It originally made trust illegal. At first it was unsuccessful and unless way to combat monopolies but eventually it became successful. -
Robber Barons
Robber Barons are greedy capitalists that grew rich by shady business practices: political manipulation and worker exploitation. This term appeared as early as February 9,1859 when the New York Times used it to characterize the unethical business practices by Cornelius Vanderbilt. Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller, and JP Morgan were also Robber barons. -
Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee which was located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota was the site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the United States government. U.S. Army’s surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot and demanded they surrender their weapons. Then a fight broke out between an Indian and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired accidentally. 300 Silux were killed performing the ghost dance. -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful Movement emerged in response to the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The fundamental idea expounded at the fair was that the city was no longer a symbol of economic development and industrialization. They created parks, boulevards, and public squares. There was a new architectural design as they wanted the area to look classier. This made all the cities want to rebuild their own. -
Pullman Strike
The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a milestone in American labor history, as the widespread strike by railroad workers brought business to a standstill until the federal government took unprecedented action to end the strike. President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to crush the strike and dozens were killed in violent clashes in the streets of Chicago, where the strike was centered. The strike was an intensely bitter battle between workers and company management. -
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Progressive Era
The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government. -
Election of 1896
The election held on Nov. 3, 1896, in which Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat-Populist William Jennings Bryan. Voter turnout was unprecedented, at around eighty percent of the electorate. Bryan carried most states of the rural South and the mountain West. This election was one of the most exciting in history. The central issue was money supply. An economic depression had begun and public opinion was split between those who favored the gold standard and those who favored free silver, -
Political Machine
Political Machine was a group that offered services to voters and business and wanted in exchange political and financial support. They were organized by the top, middle, and bottom. The bottom were local precinct workers/ captains tried to gain voters support. They reported to the ward bosses, who were in the middle. Ward bosses secured the vote in all the precincts in the ward. They helped the poor to get jobs. And at the top City boss controlled activities of a party throughout the city. -
War in Cuba
In Cuba, American ships were used to blockade Cuba. They had a group called the Rough Riders, organized by Theodore Roosevelt, that would assist secretary of the NAVY. The rough rider includes cowboys, cops, athletes, Indian scouts, and African Americans. In Cuba, there was also the "Battle of San Juan". In that battle Americans race to the top of the hill to secure a position. Teddy lead the Rough Riders to the top, which made him famous although they weren't the first ones to the top. -
American Media
During the Spanish-American War they had to have media. They had the yellow Journalism which have dramatic, sensationalist highly, exaggerated stores. The dramatic stories increased newspaper sales and was also used against the Spanish. It included tales of rape and murder in Cuba and how women were abused by the Spanish. William Randolph Hearst once said "You furnish the pictures, I will furnish the war". -
Treaty of Paris (1898)
The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War. The terms included the recognition of Cuban independence and US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam. American negotiators had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. The Spanish eventually accepted the American terms. -
Philippine-American War
Philippine-American War was a war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902. It was an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris 1898 had transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the United States but was not recognized by Filipino leaders, whose troops were in actual control of the entire archipelago except the capital city of Manila. -
Election of 1900
The Election of 1900 was the 29th presidential election. It was held on November 6th, 1900. Republican President William Mckinley easily defeated Williams Jennings Bryan. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.He also was the one who strongly urged the US to participate in Imperialism. Lodge updated the military (NAVY) with the latest technologies which became the 3rd most powerful navy. -
Theodore Roosevelt
After the assassination of William McKinney in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest president of the United States. Teddy was a naturalist & believed everyone was equal. During is first term, he tried breaking down monopolies & worked on consumers. He has a treaty rejected by Columbia, that supported Panama to declare independence with U.S. naval presence. He also started & established the National Park System, Bird Sanctuaries and National Monuments in order to better the environment. -
Child Labor
Children were forced to work long hours and would sometimes get injured from the machines as they were small enough to get things that were caught on the machines. This also lowered the amount of kids that go to school. They had to work in order to keep their family financially stable but it ruined their childhood, health, and education. Creating a new law and foundation called SCOTUS. -
Gentleman's Agreement
The Gentleman's Agreement was Roosevelt's executive order that limited Japanese Immigration to the mainland. Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San Francisco to rescind an order by which children of Japanese parents were segregated from white students in the schools. -
Henry Ford
Henry ford is one of the most successful businessman and engineers of all time. Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Ford's production methods were effective and his generosity towards his workers made him a model industrialist in a time where many tycoons exploited their workers. -
Muller vs. Oregon
Muller vs Oregon was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history in 1908. It relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health., 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on health and community concerns. -
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy was held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them. It helped Europe reach positively. -
Angel Island
Angel Island was basically the Ellis Island in the San Francisco Bay, which is the main immigration processing station. Thousands of Chinese immigrants would migrate there after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. There were very harsh conditions even wore than the conditions at Ellis Island, because Angel island was more like a prison where people were held up for several years. Also angel Island opened to help identify immigrants. -
Carrie A. Nation
Carrie Amelia Nation was an American woman who was a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. Shes against drinking because her husband died from heavy drinking. Also because she worked with women and children and volunteered at the prisons reinforced her belief that alcohol was and tobacco were at the root of most society's evils. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet. -
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment provides for regular voters to elect their Senators. This amendment came to be because when we look at the process to become a Senator in 1912 representatives choose representatives. This becomes corruption. Corruption is breaking the law to get favors or better treatment for yourself or someone else. By the time the amendment was proposed, almost 30 states were in favor of directly electing senators. The 17th amendment was proposed in 1912 and was ratified by 1913. -
Election of 1912
In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, which he gave a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. On the other hand, the Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. With the split between Taft and Roosevelt, the Republican vote was split and a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won the election, and the Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. -
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World War I
More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born on December 18th 1863 in Graz, Austria. He was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The Archduke was assassinated by the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group, that vowed to do something because Serbians viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was ultimately the reason that World War I started. -
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was a battle plan drawn up to be used by Germany if they faced a two front war. The plan was first introduced by General Count Alfred Graf von Schlieffen. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. After declaring war on Russia due to Austria-Hungary, the adoption of the plan caused Germany to also declare war on France. The Schlieffen Plan end up not working because and France & British mobilization. -
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal was the shortest route between the Carribean & the Pacific. The Panama Canal was started by the French because of disease and mudslides. Theodore purchases the right to built it for 40 million dollars then the US took over the canal in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914 after 10 years of building. The Canal reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans avoiding the hazardous Cape Horn route. -
W.E.B. DuBois
William Edward Burghardt was a black intellectual, scholar, and political thinker. Also, he was the 1st Black graduate of Harvard. He thought that African Americans couldn't be better economically if they didn't have civil rights. He demanded civil rights asap, because they, African-Americans, can't wait until it gets better. He also was the co-founder of the NAACP. (The nation Association for Advancement of Colored People. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington was an educator, reformer, and one of the most influential black leaders. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through handwork, material prospering, and becoming vocational workers. He thought African Americans would win the respect of whites leading them to be accepted as citizens. Another one of hi thoughts were that if AA"s were economically equal with whites then it would lead to equal rights for everyone. -
National Park System
Part of the Progressive reforms was to preserve nature and national monuments. Roosevelt was a conservationist and realist, he believed that nature and the environment should be preserved for future generations. The National Park System was established to do so. Big business conservationists advocated it, the public demanded its creation. Therefore, the system runs all national parks, monuments, and historical sights. -
Susssex Pledge
The Sussex Pledge was made in response to US demands to atler the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI. The Sussex Pledge was a promise given by the German Government to the US to not sink any more passenger ships. Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons was established and provisions made for the safety of passengers. Germany eventually went back on this pledge. -
Trench Warfare
The Trench warfare was a form of warfare in which armies conduct attacks on each other from opposition positions in fortified trenches. The conditions were horrible that included being muddy, smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and overflowing latrines. Soldiers often caught fevers or suffered from painful foot infections called trench foot, which resulted from standing in the mud and cold water that pooled in the bottom of the trenches. Lice, frogs, and rats surrounded the men. -
14 Points
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points but his main Allied colleagues were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. -
Hysteria
The United States Congress passes the Sedition Act, a piece of legislation designed to protect America’s participation in WWI. Along with the Espionage Act of the previous year, the Sedition Act was orchestrated by A. Mitchell Palmer. The Act, passed shortly after the US entrance into the war in early April 1917, made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces’ prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. -
Spanish Flu
The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. Because it killed so many people, it forced many small businesses to close as well as devastating large ones, It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. This flu caused an overreaction of the Immune System, and white blood cells began to attack the lungs -
Death in numbers
The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I, was around 40 million. There were 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded. The total number of deaths includes 9.7 million military personnel and about 10 million civilians. Germany was the country with the most military deaths at 2.1 million and Russia was the country with highest total death toll at 3.8 million, but Serbia has the highest Percentage of population killed: Serbia with 16.11% of their population. -
Treaty of Versailles
WWI officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. It was negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. After strict enforcement for 5 years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations and Hitler’s rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty. -
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger was an american leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. She founded the first birth control clinic in the United States and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. -
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1920's
The Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin and London. “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. -
First Red Scare
The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included those such as the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings. At its height concerns over the alleged spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern if not paranoia. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was devoted to the women's right movement. She made speeches and organized state and national conventions on women's rights. Also she collected signatures for a petition to grant women the right to vote and own property. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Her work extended its influence throughout the Roaring 20's. -
The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation was a group of American writers who came of age during World War I. They established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The generation was "lost" in the sense that its values were no longer relevant in the postwar world. Its members seemed to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many more. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women’s rights movement. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
Albert Fall, in his position as Secretary of the Interior, leased Elk Hill (California ) and Teapot Dome ( Wyoming) two public petroleum reserves, to private companies backed by Dogheny and Sinclair. This was due to bribes given by the two to Fall, in the form of hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of cash, bonds, and even a herd of cattle. Because of this Albert Fall goes to jail and was the first cabinet member to serve time in jail. Warren G. Harding dies, Aug. 2nd 1923, from the stress. -
Marcus Garvey
Born in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey was an orator for the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements. H. Garvey advanced a Pan-African philosophy which inspired a global mass movement, known as Garveyism. During the 1920s, his Universal Negro Improvement Association was the largest secular organization in African-American history. Indicted for mail fraud by the U.S. Justice Department in 1923, he spent two years in prison before being deported to Jamaica, and later died in London. -
American Indian Citizen Act
On June 2, 1924 Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. Yet even after the Indian Citizenship Act. Some of the Native Americans weren't allowed to vote because the right to vote was governed by state law and they will not be able to vote until the 1940's. The whites finally granted them citizenship because they wanted indian to get into the white culture: assimilation. -
KKK
The Ku Klux Klan was an organization for Southern White underground resistance to Radical Reconstruction. Ku Klux Klan members were white supremacist. The second Klan peaked in the 1920s when its membership exceeded 4,000,000 nationally. The Ku Klux Klan practiced violence such as hanging African Americans, going to predominantly African American neighborhoods and burning houses, churches. KKK members were against immigrants, African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and even feminist. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh born on February 4, 1902 was an an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. Lindbergh was the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927 made him one of America's early celebrity heroes. He received a New York ticker-tape parade, and newspapers breathlessly covered his every move. -
Kellogg-Briand Back
The Kellogg Briand Pact was an agreement to outlaw war. The Kellog Briand Pact is also known as the pact of Paris because it was signed in Paris.The purpose of the pact was to prevent another world war from happening. The Kellog Briand Pact resolved differences through negotiation. The Kellogg Briand Pact was named after the United States Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg and Foreign minister of France, Aristide Briande.Kellogg was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on the pact. -
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The Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, originating in the United. he depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 -
Valentine’s Day Massacre
During the streets of Chicago in the late 1920s, gang warfare ruled the streets. A chief gangster, Al Capone, was looking forward to controlling by eliminating his enemies that were in the prostitution, gambling and bootlegging. On February 14, 1929 in the garage on the city’s North Side, seven men who were involved with the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran (One of Capone's rivals), were shot to death by men who were dressed up as policemen, and this became the Valentine's Day Massacre. -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established in 1934 to regulate the commerce in stocks, bonds, and other securities. After the October 29, 1929, stock market crash, reflections on its cause prompted calls for reform. Controls on the issuing and trading of securities were virtually nonexistent, allowing for any number of frauds and other schemes. -
Herbert Clark Hoover
Herbert Hoover took office in 1929, the year the economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his predecessors’ policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis, Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. Depression worsen and Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it. The president was widely viewed as callous and insensitive toward the suffering of millions desperate Americans. -
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Bonus March
Bonus Army was the name for an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 U.S. World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Organizers called the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force", to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers". -
Election of 1932
In this election, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic) ran against the Herbert Hoover (Republican). The election happened as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression. President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse or deal with prohibition. In the end, Frankin D. Roosevelt won 472 electoral votes and 22,821,857 popular votes. White Hoover lost with 59 electoral votes and 15,761,841 popular votes. -
The Holocaust
A genocide during World War II in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945. Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma and "incurably sick". -
FIAT Currency
A currency without intrinsic value established as money, often by government regulation. It has an assigned value only because the government uses its power to enforce the value of a fiat currency or because the exchanging parties agree to its value. It was introduced as an alternative to commodity money and representative money. Since the change of the US dollar to gold, a system of national fiat currencies has been used globally, with freely floating exchange rates between national currencies. -
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
During the Hundred Days, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps that employed about 3 million men (between the ages 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, etc. The men only keep 20-25% of money because the rest was sent back to family. -
The New Deal
The New Deal was a program of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end the Great Depression. The pros were that the government has a duty to help all citizens, the new deal helped the nation through the worst days of the Great Depression, and at a time when people in other countries turned to dictators to solve problems, But the cons were that the the New Deal spending led to increases in the national debt and it did not end the Great Depression like Roosevelt expected it to. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act established a system of old-aged benefits for workers and victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent children and mothers, the blind and physically handicapped. 83 years later, it remains one of the nation's most successful, effective, and popular programs. -
The Wagner Act
The Wagner Act guaranteed basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. The act also created the National Labor Relations Board, which conducts trade unions. It does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act. -
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WWII
World War II was a war which began due to unresolved issues involving America and Europe. Prior to the war, in 1929, Hitler and Joseph Stalin sighed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which worried Western Europe. Marking the beginning of the war, Hitler invaded Polan and just two days later, Franch and Britain declared war on Germany, resulting in this tragic event. It wasn't until 1945, however, that President Harry S. Truman discussed the war over with Japan and established peace. -
National Socialist-German Workers’ Party (NAZI)
The National Socialist-German Workers' Party also known as the Nazi party was established in 1920. In 1889, The National Socialist-German Workers' Party was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. The German party grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945. Europe went through the Great Depression as well and the people of German were so gullible, Hitler became Prime minister. This Germany party will turn into a totalitarian which will shock everyone. -
Capture of France
German tanks had broken through the main fronts along the Somme River and the fortified Maginot Line, moving ever closer to their goal, Paris. The British vigorously encouraged France to resist at all costs. The new British prime minister, Churchill, even flew to Paris himself to offer his personal encouragement. At the same time, though, the British government denied French requests for military assistance, wanting to conserve strength for Britain’s own defense in the near future. -
Battle of Britain
In 1940, German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the UK, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date. A significant turning point of WWII, the Battle of Britain ended when Germany’s Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain’s air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. Britain’s decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces. -
Tuskegee Airmen
Trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, the Tuskegee Airmen were the first black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps (Air Force). They flew more than 15,000 individual sorties in Europe and North Africa during World War II. Their impressive performance earned them more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and helped encourage the eventual integration of the U.S. armed forces. -
Pearl Harbor
A U.S naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a surprise attack by Japanese forces, killing more than 2.300 Americans during WWII. The Japanese intentions were to destroy important American fleets to prevent the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. It completely destroyed the American battleship U.S.S. We declared war on Japan, dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and joined WWII as an Allied force. -
Vernon J Baker
Vernon J Baker was a highly decorated soldier and the only living black during the WWII veteran to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor.Baker was one of the most decorated black soldiers in the Mediterranean Theater, earned a Purple Heart, bronze Star and Distinguished. In conclusion, he joined the U.S Army air born along the way and trained to be military Parachutist. -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower was a five-star general and the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War 2. Eisenhower led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day. He had a sophisticated plan of going by both air and sea. This was done to trick Germans on the invasion point. During his presidency, Eisenhower managed Cold War-era tensions with the Soviet Union and authorized a number of covert anti-communist operations by the CIA around the world. -
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference occurred in 1945 and is known as the second wartime meeting between the U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. This meeting was called in order for all three leaders to agree to demand Germany's surrender, but to also discuss plans for moving towards living in a post-war world. Not surprisingly, this meeting was held towards the end of the war and about three of the agreements were kept in secrecy. -
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin, widely known as the Fall of Berlin, was the first major offensive of the European theatre of World War II. It was designated by the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union. It was on April 16th, 1945 the Red Army reached German territory and Soviet fronts, and attacked Berlin from the south and east. Along with this strategic attack, they found a way to overrun German forces causing Hitler and many others to commit suicide before the battle.
