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Period: Jan 3, 1348 to Jan 3, 1351
Black Death
The Black Death was a plague that sewpt through Europe and killed a third of its population. It also upset the feudal system and led to its downfall. -
Period: Jan 1, 1350 to Jan 1, 1550
Renaissance
The Renassaince wa the "rebirth" of Europe's intellectuals, artists, author's etc. It started in modern day Italy and brought about geniuses like Da Vinci and Michelangelo. The Vitruvian Man by Da Vinci -
Period: Jan 3, 1415 to Jan 3, 1417
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends great Schism
The Great Schism was a schism when 2 different pope lines tried to be pope. -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Exploration
The British Empire (Minus the 13 colonies) The age of exploration led europe to colonize new worlds such as America. It led to the largest empire in history, the British Empire -
Jan 4, 1453
Fall of Constantinople; End of hundred years war
Constatninople fell to the Ottomans and became present day Istanbul. The hundred years war also ended during this year with the French winning, assisted by Joan of Arc -
Jan 4, 1455
Invention of Printing Press
The Printing Press was an important invention because it enabled easier access to knowledge which was critical for intellectual periods such as the Renessaince. -
Oct 12, 1492
Columbus encounters America; completion of Reconquista in Spain
Christopher columbus, while tring to find a quicker route to india, found the New World. Meanwhile, in Spain the reconquering of lands from the Muslims was complete with the takeover of their last stronghold. -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Protestant and Catholic Reformations
The Protestant Reformations made way for the modern beliefs that splintered a previously Catholic Europe. The catholic Reformation was made in response to the Protestant reformations and began with the council of Trent in 1545 Europe's Religion in 1639 -
Period: Jan 2, 1500 to
Early Modern Society
Machiavellis "The Prince"- First analytical delve into Politics This period was characterized by the rapid development of science and secularization. Religion also underwent dynamic change as many new branches of Chrisitanity were being followed. -
Period: Jan 2, 1500 to
Price Revolution
This was a period characterized by a dominant rate of inflation. The exploration and discovery of gold and precious minerals led to inflation in Europe. -
Oct 31, 1517
Luther posts 95 theses
Martin Luther, upset by the corruption of the Catholic church, posts 95 theses on the evils of the church. This leads to the advent of Protestantism. -
Jan 4, 1519
Cortez conquers Aztecs
Herna Cortez of Spain conquers the Aztec empire by killing their leader, Moteczuma -
Period: Jan 1, 1524 to
Religous Wars
These wars followed the onset of the Protestant reformation and were influenced by the religous vicissitude (SAT word right there :) A portrayal of the 30 Years War, One of the major religous wars -
Nov 4, 1534
Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church
The Act of Supremacy was passed, which defined Henry VII and the following monarchs of England, to be the supreme religous head of England. -
Jan 4, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
John Calvin opened up a strict interpretation of the Protestant faith and introduced a new church system and predestination. -
Period: Jan 2, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton- One of the greatest thinkers of this era The scientific revolution was a period in which many great thinkers, scientists and intellectuak societies emerged in Europe. It saw the advent of modern scientific principles and theories. -
Jan 4, 1543
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
Copernicus, on the verge of death, published his book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" which presented his radical new heliocentric theory. -
Dec 13, 1545
Council of Trent opens
The council of Trent opened and was an integral part of the counter-refromation. It allowed for reform of the Catholic chuch. -
Period: Jan 2, 1550 to
Dutch Commercial Dominance
The Dutch Empire and its West/East Companies established dominance over global trade during this period. Dutch East India Company -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg ends religous war in Germany; Charles V abdicates
The Peace of Augsburg ended the wars in Germany and allowed for the permanent division of Christendom -
Period: Jan 2, 1560 to
Age of Crisis
During this period inflation rose, Spain's silver-supported economy slowed down and famine took a toll on the rapidly increasing population of Europe. -
Period: Jan 2, 1580 to
Witchcraft Scare
During this period, the fear of witches erupted into massive hysteria and witch hunts. Old, single women were usually targeted and executed. A "Witch" being executed -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada is defeated by England and ensured England's rise as a world class power. -
Edict of Nantes ends religous wars in France
The Edict of Nates gave the Huguenots(Calvinists) rights of toleration of their religion in a Cactholic France, thereby ending the conflict between the 2 parties -
Period: to
Baroque Art
The Descent by Carravagio Baroque art was a dramatic art style that became popular in the 17th century.It emphasized majesty and grandeur and showed energy through itself. -
Period: to
Commercial Revolution
A moneylender The commercial revolution came about with the new commercial empires trying to create international trade networks. As a result, new economic systems came about as well as new banking systems. -
Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India company was formed to conduct business in Asia for the Netherlands -
Period: to
Conflict between Parliament and King in England
In this period, the Tudor Family ruled England. They, however, excluded the parliament from many acts and this led to a coup d'etat against Charles i and this led to a civil war. Cromwell than took over and became the only dictator of England. The monarchy was then restored with the advent of Charles II which led to the accesion of James II to the throne and the Glorious Revolution. -
Stuart Monarchy reigns in England
The Stuart Monarchy began in England, starting with the rule of James I. This family line would prove to be ousted by Parliament along with the monarchy, but with Charles II would return -
Period: to
Age of Louis XIV
Louis XIV was a ruler of France. He sought to centralize France and eliminate the power of nobility by confining them in his magnificent palace in Versailles. He was an advocate of the divine right of kings. -
Peace of Westphalia ends 30 Years War
Peace of Westphalia allowed for the Dutch Republic to be officialy recognized by Spain -
Charles I Executed in England
Charles I was executed for treason to the state and Parliament. He limited power of Parliament and even closed the building down. After his execution, Oliver Cromwell ruled England until the Monarchy was reestablished by Charles II -
Period: to
Absolutism
Absolutism refers to a monarchy where the sovereign figure held unchecked power. This claim to unlimited power was defended by the apparent divine right of kings to hold this power. Louis XIV of France was a prime example of this -
Period: to
Commercial Wars
These wars between the English and the Dutch commercial empires stemmed from commercial rivalry. A portrayal of the Wars -
Period: to
Rise of Prussia
Prussia was on the rise in this period and soon became a major power in Europe. Under Frederick II Prussia took Silesia from Austria which set off the 7 years war. With help from its former enemy Russia and England, Prussia keptt its control of Silesia -
Newton publishes Principia Mathematica
Newton published the principia, whch present his 3 laws of motion, universal gravitation and other of Newton's works and discoveries -
Glorious Revolution; Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia
James II is disposed peacefully and replaced by William. Peter the great begins ruling Russia and turns it into a formidable power in Europe. -
Period: to
Rise of Russia
Peter the great</a>THe rise of Russia started with the reign of <a href='http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/peter_close2.jpg' > who reorganized his army and created a navy. He aslo reorganized the government. Catherine the great further reformed the government and stifled rebellions from the still-present serfs. russia, now a political power, played a role in the Congress of Vienna to decide the fate of France. -
Bank of England founded
The Bank of England was formed to rasie England 1 million pounds for rebuilding of the navy. -
Period: to
Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural revolution in Europe came about from enhanced farming techniques such as fertilization and new inventions such as the hoe and a Seed drill. The Americas also supplied new crops such as maize and potatoes. -
Peace of Utrecht; Death of Louis XIV
The Peace of Utrecht was established by the treaties of Utrecht between France, Spain and other European States. Dring this period Loius XIV also died -
Period: to
Rococo Art
Rococo Art emphasized grace and gentle action.It was hihgly secular and was enjoined upon by painters such as Watteau. It was also used in conjunction with Baroque architecture, as evident in the works of the architect Balthasar Neumann. -
Period: to
Enlightenment
During the Enlightenment, the ideas in the Scientific Revolution were popularized, Skepticism came into existence and the 4 major philosophes headed a movement to bring man out of ignorance. Montesquieu, Diderot, Voltaire, Beccaria, Quesnay, Hume and Roussaue advocated freedom of speech and religoin and created the social sciences. This was also a time when intellectuals such as Mary <a href='http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Marywollstone preachedd on the equality of the sexes. -
War of Austrian Succession
The War began when Prussia invaded and took Silesia/. This war enabled Silesia to become a superpower -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
THe industrial revolution was a mjor force of change into a machine-dependent Western world. It began in Britain with new machines for textiles such as the power loom. Then the steam engine was created which led to factories and trains. -
Treaty of Paris ends 7 years war
The treaty of Paris ended the 7 years war with Asutria retaining Silesia. -
American Revolution; Smith publishes Wealth of Nations
The American Revolution begins with the signing of the Declaration of independence. Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations which challenges Mercantilism -
Period: to
Rise of the middle Class
The bourgeois, or the middle class became the largest buying power in Europe. Due to the Industrial Revolution, the middle class found many new roads to wealth and were the entrepeneurs of Europe. The wealthiest members of this class, due to their wealth, had power that was equal to the traditional elite. -
Period: to
Age of Revolutions
This period wa a time of political upheaval that began in North America and continued in France. Both the American and French Revoltion embodied the ideas of the enlightenment and liberty. However both were bloody and cost many casualties. In France, the Monarchy was destroyed and replaced by a government wich was then overthrown by Napolean Bonaparte who reestablished a reformed monarchy. -
French Revolution Begins
The French Revolution against the monarchy began and the3 estate wrested away the power from the monarchy. -
Period: to
Feminism
Feminism was a movement started by intellectuals such as Wollstonecraft in the Enlightnement which continued on through the 20th century. It enjoined equal rights for both sexes and succeeded in improving womens' social status -
Period: to
Rise of Nationalism
In this period, a unified state became the focus of people's loyalty. Countries like France, Italy and Germany tried to unify their states. The large minorities wanted their own nation-states seperate by the ruling countries. -
Vindication of Rights of Women by Wollstonecraft Released; Starts feminist movement
Wollstonecraft publishes the first major treatise on the rights of women. She propogates equal rights for men and women. -
Napolean comes to power in France
Napolean Bonaparte rose to power during the later stage of the French Revolution and restores a reformed Monarchy and crowns himself emperor. -
Period: to
Romanticism
Romanticism was a reaction to rationalization of nature and the enlightenment. Romantics stressed the use of feeling, intuition and imagination as opposed to reason. This style was expressed in poetry, prose, art and architecture(Gothic). Romanticism was also expressed in music as evident by Beethoven's works -
Napolean's Abdicaiton; Congress if Vienna
Napolean is abdicated from the throne due to forceful removal by Prussia, Russia and Sweden -
Period: to
Rise of Liberalism
Liberalism was the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible, in both economy and politics. These beliefs were present in the ideas of Malthus and John Mill. -
Revolutions of 1848; Communist Manifesto Published
These revolutions were a widespread series of rebellions across the countries. The Communist Manifesto was published by Marx and Engels. It became one of the most influential political books in history. -
Period: to
Realsim and Materialsim
Materialsim was the secular belief that everything mental, physical or ideal was the result of a material force. Realsim sought to express the view that the world should be viewed realistically. -
Period: to
Unification and Nation-Building
In this period of time, Italy, Germany, Canada and the United States(After the Civil War) unified. their own respective countries. -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
The second industrial revolution helped create material prosperity and an age of progress. Steel, electricity,chemicals and petrol made way for new inventions and frontiers. -
Period: to
Imperialism
European States carved up most of Africa into colonies and and Asia. China then opened to Western trade. -
Period: to
Modern ideas and Science
Europe during this period, expanded on ideas formed in the enlightenment and created physics and Darwinism and Marxism -
Period: to
Rise of Modern Society
In this era, women pressed for their rights, namely their right to vote. However, on the other side of the spectrum, Jews were being persecuted and in response, Zionism started gaining traction. -
Crystal Palace exhibition in Britain
The Crystal Palace Exhibition was an exhibition held in a huge building that exhibited England's Grandeur and progress through the industrial revoltion -
Britain establishes direct rule over India
Britain during this period establsihed direct rule over the province of India. -
Darwin publishes Origin of the Species
Charles Darwin published Origin of Species, which presented the underlying principles of evolution -
Italy Unified; Russian Serfs Emancipated
Italy became unified under the House of Savoy. The Russian Sers were finally freed from fuedalism -
Period: to
Modern Art
Modern Art emerged with Post- Impressionism, cubsim and other forms of abstract painting. In music, Debussy linked his music to Impressionism while Grieg composed nationalist pieces for Scotland -
Unification of Germany; First Commune
Germany became oficially integrated and united. -
Interpretaion of Dreams by Freud published
Freud publishes his bestselling book and delves into pyschology as a science. -
Einstein publishes relativity theory; Russian Revolution of 1905
Einstein, the genius physicist, publishes the relativity theory which is the backbone of modern physics. The Russian Revolution of 1905 led to a limited constitution monarchy. -
Period: to
World Wars
The World Wars were 2 Wars that were the first true Global Wars. They led to increased production and factories but suffered terrible casualties. -
World War I begins
World War I, the first of two global wars begins. -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
The Bolshevik revolution protested the starvation caused by the government by going to St Petersburg and asking for bread -
Treaty of Versailles ends WW1
The treaty ends WW1 with the axis powers being greatly punished economically. -
Period: to
Totalitarianism
In the 1920's the Soviet Union became the first Totalitarian ste. This was followed by Nazi Germany. The totilitarian state aimed to control all aspects of life -
Fascists and Mussolini come to power in Italy
Mussolini in a coup d'etat takes power along with fascists -
Great Depression begins
The Great Depression, the greatest modern economic recession, takes place after a stock market crash -
Hitler came to power
Hitler became Lord Chancellor along with his Nazi party. -
WW2 Starts
WW2 Starts after Hitler's invasion of Poland -
Period: to
European Unity
After the aftermath of the wars, Europe saw it necessary to be more unified. So new organizations started forming which eventually formed into the EU. -
Period: to
Cold Wars
The Cold Wars were brought about between the US and the USSR due to their underlying differences. However no actual combat ensued and the Cold War was more an arms race -
WW2 Ends
WW2 ENds with Hitler's suicicde -
NATO Formed
NATO was formed with Western European countries in response to threats from the USSR -
ECSC formed
ECSC formed as a European economic allinace, which leads to the EU -
Stalin Dies
Stalin died of a massive heart attack thereby ending his reign of terror. -
EEC; Sputnik launched
The first artificial Earth sattelite was launched -
Berlin Wall erected
Berlin Wall divides Germany into East and West Germany. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro, the currrent dictator of Cuba allows USSR to place a missile base in Cuba which threatens America. -
Second Vatican Council
Second Vatican Council takes place at the Holy See -
Student Revolts;"Prague Spring" Revolts
A bunch of revolts against communism took place -
John Paul II elected Pope
John Paul II is elected Pope and plays a significant role in ending communism -
USSR invades Afghanistan; Thatcher elected Prime Minister of Europe
USSr invades Afghanistan to gain access to ports that are usable all year long. Thatcher is elected Prime Minister in Britian -
Gorbachev comes to power
Gorbachev came to power and had less communist views than his fellow leaders. His rule averdently led to the breakup of USSR -
Berlin Wall falls and collapse of communism
Berlin Wall, a symbol of oppression is broken through, thereby reunitng Germany. -
USSR breaks up; Balkan conflicts in Yugoslavia
The USSR breaks up and Boris Yeltsin becomes the president of the New Russian State. Meanwhile in Yugoslavia, Balkan conflicts start occuring -
EU formed by Maastrich treaty
EU is formed between most European countries and introduces the Euro. -
Euro Currency Introduced
The Euro currency introduced to all countries in the EU. It eventually becomes part of the second largest economy in the world, after the US dollar -
Terrorist Attacks on the United States
The Word Trade Center and the Pentagon are targetd by terrorist- hijacked planes. This leads to an uproar in the US and George Bush starts the War on Terror
