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100
Gaius Julius Caesar
Roman general that conquered Gaui between 58 and 51 B.C.E. It is one of the best sources of information about Celtic society. By the time the Roman invasion they periodically chose public officials. -
200
Roman Conquest
The conquest of Spain, southern Britain, France, and parts of central Europe curtailedthe evloution of Celtic society. They were largely assimilated to Roman ways and that is why the inhabitants of modern Spainand France speak languages that are descended from Latin. -
221
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou dynasty followed the Shang dynsaty and preceded the Qin dynasty. The Zhou dynasty ruled the longest of all dynasties, ruling ancient China for almost a millenium. -
300
Meroe
Capital of Southern Numbia from the fourth century bce. In this period numbian culture shows more independence from egypt and the influence sub-saharan africa. -
356
Qin Dynasty
The first imperial dynasty of China. The dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the state of Qin, and its founding emperor known as Qin Shi Huang. -
Oct 9, 600
Iron Metallurgy
Iron began to replace bronze as a primary metal for tools and weapons. Metalworkers in China were the first in the world to forge steel. -
Oct 13, 604
Daoism
Chinese school of thought, originating in the warring states period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on heirarchy and duty. -
Oct 8, 1000
Celtic
Celtic civilization originated in acentraal Europe in the early part of the first millennium B.C.E. Around 500 B.C.E. celtic peoples began to migrate, making Celtic civilization the dominant cultural style in Europe north of Alps. The Celts interactions with the peoples of the Mediterranean, including Greeks and Romans, involved both warfare and trade. -
Oct 10, 1045
Shang Dynasty
Little is known about how the Shang rose to dominance ca. 1750 B.C.E., since written documents only appear towards the end of the shang rule. -
Oct 13, 1045
Mandate of heaven
The Mandate of Heaven is the belief and idea that a specific God granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to lead a community well and fairly. -
Oct 8, 1200
Olmec
The ancient Olmec civilization is considered to be one of the earliest great civilizations in Mesoamerica. The Olmec territory extended from the Tuxtlas mountains to Chontalpa. -
Oct 13, 1532
New Kingdom
The New Kingdom of Egypt is the period in ancient history covering the 18th-20th Dynasties of Egypt. Noted for its rich agriculture and territorial expansion. -
Shang
Ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty -
Hammurabi's Code
Reflects three social divisions:(1) the free, landowning class, which included royalty, high-ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, and some artisans and shopkeepers; (2) the class of dependent farmers and artisans, whose legal attachment to royal, temple, or private estates made them the primary rural work force; and (3) the class of slaves -
Early China
Under the Shang and Zhou dynasties, , many of the elements of classical Chinese civilization emerged and spread across East Asia. -
Chavín
The Chavín were a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC. They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast. -
Warring States
The second half of the Eastern Zhou era is conventionally called the Warring States Period (481-221 B.C.E.) because of the scale and intensity of rivalry and warfare between the states accelerated -
Confucianism
Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctorine of duty and public service had great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. -
Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is the period in history between 2000 BC and 1700 BC. Originally only consisted of the 11th and 12th dynasties but some people now include the 13th and 14th as well. -
Xia
The dynasty was established by Yu. The Xia was succeeded by the Shang dynasty. It represents the closing of primitive society and the start of class society. -
Cuneiform
The usual method of writing involved pressing the point of a sharpened reed into a moist clay tablet. Because the reed made wedge-shaped impressions, the early realistic pictures were increasingly stylized into a combination of strokes and wedges, a system known as cuneiform (Latin for “wedge-shaped”) writing. -
Old Kingdom
The name given to the era in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt obtained its first steady climax of civilization. -
Indus Valley
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India -
Harappa
Harappa is an archaeological site in modern day Pakistan. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the previous course of the Ravi River. -
Mohenjo-Daro
Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally found in the expansive floodplain of the Indus River in modern Pakistan -
Egypt
No place exhibits the impact of the natural environment on the history and culture of a society better than ancient Egypt. Located at the intersection of Asia and Africa, Egypt was protected by surrounding barriers of desert and a harborless, marshy seacoast -
Nubia
Thousand-mile stretch of the Nile Valley lying between Aswan and Khartoum and straddling the southern part of the modern nation of Egypt and the northern part of Sudan. For thousands of years it has served as a corridor for trade between tropical Africa and th Mediterranean. -
Hieroglyphics
A formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. -
Bronze age
A period in history, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age, during which bronze weapons and implements were used. -
Semites
Refers to a variety of languages spoken in parts of western Asia and northern Africa. Possibly came from lineage of nomads who traveled to the Mesopotamian plain. -
Sumerians
Sumerian is the language that was used in Mesopotamia or modern day Iraq. They created the framework of civilization in Mesopotamia. -
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” in Greek, reflecting the centrality of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers to the way of life in this region. Civilization developed in the plain alongside and between the rivers. -
Agricultural Revolution
The opening transformation from hunting and gathering to the progress in ability to farm crops. This era in time is frequently referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
