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sharecropping/ tenant farming
sharecropping is when a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.
tenant farming is when landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management -
black codes
These laws had the intent of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
13th amendment
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. -
14th amendment
granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.
no state shall deny to any person... equal protection of the law -
15th amendment
granted African American men the right to vote -
Jim Crow Laws
were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. -
lynching
to kill someone by hanging them, for an alleged offence with or without a legal trial. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court -
Orville Faubus
American politician who served as the Governor of Arkansas, serving from 1955 to 1967 -
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery -
Hector P. Garcia
was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. -
Lester Madox
was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. -
George Wallace
American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat. -
19th amendment
guarantees all American women the right to vote.
several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change of the Constitution. -
Cesar Chavez
American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
An African-American clergyman and political leader of the twentieth century -
Civil Disobedince
the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. -
20th amendment
sets the dates at which federal United States government elected offices end. -
federal housing authority
It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. -
Nonviolent Protest
the practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. -
Brown v. Ferguson
The Court ruled that segregation in public schools is prohibited by the Constitution. -
Desegregation
is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a seminal event in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system -
civil rights act of 1957
1st civil rights legislation since recontruction.
protected voting rights.
established federal civil rights commission. -
Sit-ins
The Greensboro sit-ins at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. -
affirmative actions
steps taken to increase the representaion of women and minorities in areas of employment education and businesses from which they had been historically excluded. -
24th amendment
prohibits any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
civil rights act of 1964
abolsihed racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers.
coould not be denied hire or fire for any above reasons.
ended unfair voting requirements. -
Veteran rights act of 1965
It allowed, for the first time, millions of Americans to truly participate in our democracy. -
head start
promotes school readiness of children under 5 from low-income families through education, health, social and other services. -
betty friedan
Writer, feminist and women's rights activist Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963) and co-founded the National Organization for Women. -
26th amenment
changed a portion of the 14th amendment.
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. (right to vote at age 18) -
Title IX (9)
is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. -
upward bound
a national program that more than doubles the chances of low-income, first-generation students graduating from college so they can escape poverty and enter the middle class.
