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Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education outlaws racial segregation in public schools (Valentin, 1997). -
Vocational Equity Act
Vocational Equity Act is enacted, which requires states who receive federal funding for vocational education to develop and carry out activities to eliminate sex bias, stereotyping, and discrimination (Valentin, 1997). -
Civil Rights Act
Civil Rights Act is passed which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Valentin, 1997). -
Title IX Stakeholder
Representative Edith Green drafted legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in education and held the first congressional hearings regarding women’s education and employment (Valentin, 1997). -
Title IX becomes a law
On June 23, 1972, Title IX is signed into law by Richard Nixon. Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving any type of federal financial aid (History, n.d.). Title IX was sponsored by Edith Green and Birch Bayh (ERA’s, n.d.). -
Women's Educational Equity Act
The Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) is passed, making education more equitable for girls and women (Valentin, 1997). -
Title IX Federal Regulations
Title IX federal regulations are issued in the area of athletics. Compliance must be accomplished in three years for high schools and colleges, and in one year for elementary schools (History, n.d.). -
Establishment of the Department of Education
Department of Education is established and is responsible for oversight of Title IX through the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) (History, n.d.). -
Grove City College v. Bell
In the Supreme Court ruling of Grove City College v. Bell, the court ruled that Title IX was program specific. This meant that only those programs which received direct federal funding needed to comply—this excluded many athletic programs from Title IX (Staurowsky, Zonder, & Riemer, 2017). -
Civil Rights Restoration Act
Congress passes the Civil Rights Restoration Act which stated that if the school system or college receives federal funding all aspects of that educational system must comply with Title IX, to include athletics (ERA’s, n.d.). -
Franklin v. Gwinnet County Public Schools
Franklin v. Gwinnet County Public Schools ruled that institutions could be held responsible for individuals within their institution that participated in discriminatory behavior towards females. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs could sue for monetary damages (History, n.d.). -
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) is passed. This Act required colleges/universities who received federal aid to disclose information about the gender breakdown of their intercollegiate athletic programs (ERA’s, n.d.). -
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education
In the ruling of Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that Title IX covers student-on-student harassment and that damages are available if the school knew of the harassment and was “deliberately indifferent” to the harassment (ERA’s, n.d.). -
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education
In the ruling of Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that schools are prohibited from retaliating against those who protest sexual discrimination (ERA’s, n.d.). -
Clarification of Title IX's protections
The Department of Education issues guidance that clarifies that Title IX’s protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence applies to all students, to include athletes (ERA’s, n.d.). -
The White House Council on Women & Girls
The White House Council on Women and Girls started a publicity and advocacy effort in January to protect students from sexual assault (Jones, 2015). -
The Future of Title IX
Since the enactment of Title IX women have been given greater rights to take part in athletics and educational opportunities. These opportunities have allowed women to compete in the Olympics and World Competitions. However, gender differences continue to exist in STEM degrees and within the labor market. -
The Future of Title IX continued
Although the stakeholders that initiated the original policy development are not actively working towards Title IX improvements, organizations like United Educators, the Women’s Sports Foundation, and Equal Rights Advocates continue to push for equality on all fronts. -
The Future of Title IX & others who may seek protection
As the educational environment continues to evolve and schools are held responsible for protecting and serving their students, society may push for additional policies related to LGBTQ students. The policies may be put in place to protect them in the admissions process, recruiting process, on the athletic fields, and in the classroom. While the policies that led to Title IX prohibit discrimination of individuals based on sex in the workplace, educational policies may need reevaluation. -
There's More to Title IX than sports
Additionally, many in society only associate Title IX with women’s inclusion in sports; however, it also applies protecting all students from sexual assault and sexual harassment. A weakness of Title IX has been in implementing successful ways for victims of sexual assault or harassment to have support from their college/university (Jones, 2015). Lastly, many programs seem to focus on the protection of women, whereas, programs need to include males, and those who identify as LBGTQ. -
References
ERA's Title IX Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2017, from http://www.equalrights.org/title-ix-timeline/
History of Title IX. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2017, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocate/title-ix-issues/history-title-ix/history-title-ix/
Jones, R. (2015). Understanding how and why title IX regulates campus sexual violence. United Educators. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from https://www.ue.org/uploadedFiles/History%20of%20Title%20IX.pdf -
References
Staurowsky, E., Zonder, E., & Riemer, B. (2017). So, what is Title IX? Assessing college athletes knowledge of the law. Women in Sport and Physical Activity, (25), 30-42. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0048
Valentin, I. (1997). Title IX: A brief history. Women's Education Equity Resource Center. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://www2.edc.org/WomensEquity/pdffiles/t9digest.pdf