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Sandhurst manifesto
Cánovas, the leader of the future Conservative Party, wrote it, in where he promised a constitutional government. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon (1875-1885), son of Isabella II.
The political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, which helped achieve Queen Isabella II's abdication in favour of her son Alfonos XII and the military revolution were Alfonso XII was proclaimed king were the two processes that was made possible the Bourbon Restoration in Spain.
After his death in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina. -
PSOE is founded
Some political parties did not accept the electoral system established by the Constitution of 1876. One of them was the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) which was founded by Pablo Iglesias and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
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Regency of Maria Christina
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885 (her husband), the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases de Manresa
The Catalan nationalims demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba. -
Treaty of Paris
In 1898 there was a crisis. The war erupted in the Pacific (the Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico). In both conflicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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Reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characteerised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system,the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas and Sagasta.Historians usually look at two stages, divided by the crisis of 1917: The continued practice of party rotation (1902-2917) and The crisis of the Cánovas system (1917-1923).
Between the 1923 and 1930 he supported the dictatorship of the Primo de Rivera. And in 1930 he reigned again. -
Tragic week
Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inhabitants of the Rif; A war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up. This set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909 (25 July- 2 August). The harsh repression by Maura's coservative fovernment caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him. -
Disaster of Annual
Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was known as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10 000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion. -
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Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
There was a coup d'état by the General Primo de Rivera on 13 September 1923, who imposed a dictatorship supported by the king. It had two stages, with two different governments: The Military Directory (1923-1925) and The Civil Directory (1925-1930).
In January of 1930, due to the economic crisis there were problems and rejection by many intellectuals, Primo de Rivera was forced to resign. -
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Second Spanish Republic
After the Second Republic was proclaimed,a provisional government was formed,made up of Republicans,socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes.The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted the Constitution of 1931,in which established rights, popular sovereignty...It also defined Spain as a "Republic of workers".The Republic then went through three stages: Reformist Biennium (1931-1933),Conservative Biennium(1933-1936) and the Popular Front (February-June 1936). -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII tried to go back to the parliamentary system, but the citizens disapproved it and this led to significant Republicsn victories in the 1931 municipal electiones. The king went into exile and the Second Republic was declared. -
October Revolution
The new government halted some reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona -
Tragic Spring
Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
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Spanish Civil War
The coup d'état began in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta on 17 July 1936. The country was divided into two zones:
- The Republican zone (A social revolution took place and the government was led by Largo Caballero, and later by Juan Negrín).
- The "Nationalist" zone (Franco concentrated all the powers into one single party and finally they win the war).
The objective of the insurgents was to take Madrid.
The war caused many deaths and political exiles. Franco imposed a dictatorial political system. -
Bombing of Gernika
When the Civil War was moved to the Cantabrian coast, the harsh battles were reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force'es Condor Legion on April 1937. The German air force enabled the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas. -
End of the Civil War
The Civil War was moved to the Mediterranean with the objetive to divide the Republican zone in two. To prevent this, the Republicans launched an offensive known as the "Battle of the Ebro". The insurgents advanced, took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. Then, the Civil War ended on 1 April 1939.
