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Period: 400 to 1200
Chapter 17 The Early Middle Ages
The period between 400 to 1200 is called the Early Middle Ages. Why is is called that? That time period is at the earlier part between the olden times and the modern times. In those times, Christianity spread even further from what used to be the Roman Empire. Also, feudalism occurred during part of the Early Middle Ages. -
450
17.2 (Europe) Saint Patrick Spread Christianity
The people living in northern Europe weren’t Christians at first. Only Italy and Spain were the only countries that practiced Christianity. Later on, monks and missionaries spread Christianity all over Europe. One of the most famous missionaries is Saint Patrick. He traveled alone instead of traveling with other missionaries. (pg. 501-502) -
750
17.2 Part 2 (Europe) Charlemagne Built an Empire
In the late 750s, a Christian king, Charlemagne was determined to expand his kingdom. He did succeeded. He ruled the Franks by the way. His empire included Gaul, modern day Germany, Austria, Italy, and northern Spain. His capital is Aachen, in modern day western Germany. He didn't just care about his empire. He also built schools in his empire. (pg. 503) -
Period: 1000 to 1500
Chapter 18 The Later Middle Ages
In the Later Middle Ages, popes gained power in Eurasia and Crusades occurred in the Holy Land. Also many changes happened in Europe. -
1066
17.3 (France and England) William the Conqueror Conquered England
Feudalism came to England in the 1000s by a French noble named William. He decided to conquer England in 1066. After doing that successfully, he became the king of England. He rewarded the knights with manors for being part of the battle. (pg. 508-509) -
1073
18.1 (England and Rome) Popes Became Stronger Than Kings
Pope Gregory VII became a pope in 1073. Unfortunately, Emperor Henry IV told the bishops to remove him from the pope position. So, Gregory excommunicated Henry. Henry regretted for what he had done and begged for forgiveness. So, this proofs that popes became stronger than kings. (pg. 527) -
1100
18.3 (Cluny) Monks Made Vows of Silence
In Cluny, monks initiated a monastery in the early 900s. The monks made strict laws for themselves. The monks decided to focus on religious stuff and a little on the world. The monks were in a religious order that devoted their lives on religion and obeyed common rules. In the 1100s, some monks made stricter rules for themselves because they thought that the Cluny's rules weren't that strict. So, they made stricter rules for themselves. Some of those monks made vows of silence. (pg. 535-536) -
1189
18.2 (England and The Holy Land) King Richard Sent the Third Crusade
Since the Second Crusade, the Crusaders failed to retake The Holy Land. So in 1189, King Richard sent an army of Crusaders to retake The Holy Land. King Richard's main opponent is the Muslim general Saladin. Although those two are enemies, each side still respected the other side's general or king. At the end, King Richard left the Holy Land with the Muslims owning Jerusalem. (pg. 530) -
Period: 1270 to
Chapter 19 The Renaissance and Reformation
When the Middle Ages ended, it was the beginning of the Italian Renaissance filled with the wealthiness of Italy. It also contains the time when the Catholic Church split. -
1300
19.1 (Italy) Venice, Florence, and Milan Became Rich Trading Centers
Venice, Florence, and Milan are all in Italy. Those cities became rich when the Italian Renaissance started at around the 1300s. Each on those cities specializes in something. Venice specializes on making glass, Florence on banking and weaving wool into cloth, and finally Milan on weapons and silk. (pg. 559-560) -
1337
18.4 (England and France) England Caused the Hundred Years War
Before the Hundred Years Wars started, the French king died and he had no sons to take over his place. So, England took the opportunity to conquer France. So, the war between England and France in called the Hundred Years War. The duration of the war is 116 years in total. At the end, England failed conquering France. Due to that, the French king increased in power and the English king decreased in power. (pg. 542) -
Period: 1400 to
Chapter 20 Science and Exploration
In this time period, Europeans discovered new ways to gain information and caused a Scientific Revolution that influenced what we think about this world. Also, explorers from Europe brought new stuff and ideas to Europe. The Colombian Exchange lead to two economic systems which were mercantilism and capitalism. -
1450
19.2 (Germany) Johann Gutenberg Created the Printing Press That Includes the Usage of the Movable Type
In the 1300s, people in Europe started using paper instead of animal skin. In around 1450, Johann Gutenberg, a German, invented the printing press to make printing easier. (pg. 566) -
1492
18.5 (Castile, Aragon, and Remaining Muslim Countries) Ferdinand and Isabelle Ended the Reconquista
For years, Christian countries were fighting Muslim countries to drive the religion of Islam out of those countries and bring Christianity in. In 1469, Ferdinand, prince of Aragon and Isabelle, princess of Castile, married. Ten years later, both of them were rulers of the countries they own. In 1492, they conquered Granada, the last Muslim country in Europe. They even forced the Spanish Jews to become Christians or else they will have to leave their country. Later on, Islam was banned. (pg. 548) -
1492
20.2 (Spain and the Bahamas) Christopher Columbus Discovered the Bahamas
Christopher Columbus thought that he had discovered a shorter route to Asia which is to the west. With the permission of Queen Isabella, on August 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail to the west. When Christopher Columbus reached an island in the Bahamas, he taught that that place he was in is already Asia. He didn't know that North America was ahead of him. (pg. 595) -
Oct 31, 1517
19.3 (Germany and the Holy Roman Empire) Martin Luther Added the 95 Theses on One of Wittenberg's Church's Door
Martin Luther (a priest) doesn't like the Catholic Church. Luther believed that people can have a direct relationship with God. So, he nailed 95 theses onto one of Gutenberg, Germany's church's door. Due to that, Pope Leo X excommunicated him. Also, Luther was declared an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire and was ordered to leave the empire. Luckily, one of the nobles secretly supported him and hid him from the emperor. Lots of people agreed with Luther and became Protestants. (pg. 570) -
17.4 (Japan) The Japanese Poets Created Haiku
During the medieval times in Europe, the arts there were related to religious stuff. Meanwhile in Japan, the arts there were related to nature. Sometime in the 1600s, poets from Japan invented a new kind of poetry. It's called haiku. The haiku format:
Any amount of words that sum up to 5 syllables
Any amount of words that sum up to 7 syllables
Any amount of words that sum up to 5 syllables
(pg. 514-515) -
20.1 (Italy) Galileo Galilei Invented the an Improved Telescope
In 1609, Galileo Galilei invented a better version of the telescope than the telescope last time. With the better version of the telescope, he could see the moon's craters and mountains and found out that there are moons that orbit Jupiter. (pg. 591) -
Period: to
Chapter 21 Enlightenment and Revolution
In this period, Enlightenment thinkers gave ideas to change the government and people’s beliefs. Also, revolutions occurred for independence and changes of government. -
21.1 (France) Voltaire Was Born
In 1694, a French philosopher named Voitare was born. He would eventually give ideas on giving up religion and state the idea of humans could improve themselves. (pg. 614-615) -
21.2 (Europe) Charles-Louis Montesquieu Wrote a Book
In 1748, a man named Charles-Louis Montesquieu wrote a book called "The Spirit of the Laws". It was based to Locke's claims that everyone should have natural rights. The book claimed that the government should split into separate branches so that people's freedom could remain stable. (pg. 618) -
21.3 (America) The Americans Wanted Their Independence
Colonists from Britain living in America hated the taxes and laws from the British government. So, in 1775, the American Revolution started (Colonists VS British People). The colonists eventually won and got their independence. (pg. 624-625) -
20.3 (Europe and America) The System of Capitalism Was Being Used
In the population of people in Europe is increasing. Due to that, there is more demand in Europe. So, the businesspeople in Europe had to make more supplies so that the number of supplies will reach about the same number as the number of demands. When this happens, the system of capitalism was being used. (pg. 600-601) -
Chapter 17 Modern Day Event (Christianity)
The Europeans practiced Christianity in Europe. All believers including us, practice Christianity today. -
Chapter 18 Modern Day Event (Trade Between Europe and Asia)
When the Turks conquered the Holy Land, the thing that benefits from that is more trade between Europe and Asia occurred, even today. -
Chapter 19 Modern Day Event (Banking)
What made Florence rich was due to banking. When the people of Florence bank, interests and loans were included. Today, when people bank, they loan and get interests too. -
Chapter 20 Modern Day Event (Cheeseburgers)
In the Old World, people ate beef, bread, cheese, and lettuce. Today, if we eat a cheeseburger, we could remember that the ingredients in the cheeseburger comes from the Old World. (pg. 599) -
Chapter 21 Modern Day Event (U.S. Government System)
Last time, after the Americans gained their independence, James Madison made the U.S. government have a system called the Constitution. It has three branches. Today, the U.S. system still runs this way. (pg. 625)