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Napolean Raids German lands
Napoleon successfully increased nationalism by raiding german lands. -
The Creation of the German Confederation
Created by the Congress of Vienna, it coordinated the economies of seperate German-Speaking countries. Many historians believe the Confederation was weak and ineffective. It eventually collapsed because of the Prussian-Austrian rivalry, warfare, the Revolution of 1848, and the member's inability to compromise. -
Europe's last major food crisis (that was throughout the continent)
Also known as the Hungry Forties, this potato failure caused extreme suffering and death. Potatoes were not the only crop affected. Most other staple foods were affected as well, making it unable for many to get even the most basic foods. -
Karl Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It has been considered one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Created by the Communist League, it stated the league's purposes, and the problems with capitalism. -
Revolutions in France
In this wave of revolutions, the Orleans monarchy and the Second French Republic was created. However, as the government became more conservative, the people once again rose in a revolution. This rebellion was bloody, but unsuccessful. -
Revolutions in Italy, Vienna, Budapest, and Prague
In Italy, revolts against Bourbon rule led to a sixteen month period during which a an independent state was created with an advanced constitution, before the Bourbons returned to power. The Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburgs in Vienna, was challenged by revolutionary movements who attempted to gain independence. Nationalists in Budapest rioted for political autonomy from Austria. -
the Frankfurt Assembly meets and proposes a plan for the unification of Germany
The plan set forth by the Frankfurt assembly called for a national assembly. German liberals became skeptical that this proposal was simply an plot to increase Prussian power. This caused a political disagreement. -
Prussian king refuses to take the crown
The German Confederation was conflicted between the formation of a single German nation, and conserving collection of the smaller German states and kingdoms. After revolutions, King Frederick William IV was offered the crown by the Frankfurt Parliment. However, he refused the crown because revolutionary assemblies did not have the power to grant royal titles. -
Louis Napoleon wins the presidential election in France
The constitution of the Second Republic held direct elections for the presidency. Napoleon won in a landslide victory, receiving aroung 75% of the total votes, even though he did not have a political history. Many thought Napoleon would be able to end the instability in France. -
Crimean War
War that was fought for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The war was between the alliance of the French, British, Ottoman, and Sardinian Empires againts the Russian Empire. The Crimean War was one of the main causes of the demise of The Concert of Europe. -
The Kingdom of Sardinia and France declare war on Austria
Emperor Napoleon III and Prime Minister Camillo Cavour signed a treaty of alliance against Austria. This treaty stated that France would help Sardinia fight against Austria. In return, Sardinia gave the lands of Nice and Savoy to France. -
Sardinia recieves provinces in central Italy after plebiscites
1860 Sardinia annexes provinces in central Italy after plebiscites; France receives Savoy and Nice. -
France receives Savoy and Nice
As a result of the Alliance Treaty between Sardinia and France, Sardinia gave the lands of Savoy and Nice to France in return for France's promise to fight alongside Sardinia against Austria. -
Emancipation of Russian serfs
Also known as the "Peasane Reform of 1861", this was the first liberal reforms that took place during Alexander II's rule over Russia. This reform terminated serf dependence that was previously suffered by the peasants of the Russian empire -
Italy proclaimed with King Victor Emmanuel II as king.
Victor Emmanuel was the first king of a united Italy. He advised Cavour to join British and French forces in the Crimean War. Emmanuel was convinced of rewards that could be gained from alliances with Britain and France. -
Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark over Schleiswig and Holstein
Austria declared war on Prussia. The main events of the war took place mostly in Frankfurt. It was in Frankfurt where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states. Prussia emerged victorious. -
Seven Weeks War between Prussia and Austria; Italy recieves Venetia
This war, between the German Confederation and the Austrian Empire with its German allies agains the Kingdom of Prussia and its German allies, as well as Italy. It resulted in Prussian dominance over German States. This war also has many other names including the Third Independence War, the Austro-Prussian War, the German Civil War, and the Fraternal War. -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital .
Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, is a critical analysis of capitalism by Karl Marx. In Das Kapital he meant to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production and how it was the precursed of of the 'socialist mode of production'. -
Franco-Prussian War concludes with capitulation of French Second Empire.
The Second French Empire was overthrown only three days after Napoleons surender at the Battle of Sedan. This resulted in the creationof the French Third Republic, Also the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was given to the German Empire. -
Italy annexes Rome.
The final event of the the Italian Unification, was the capture of Rome. This unified the Italian Penninsula under King Victor Emmanuel II. However, Venezia-Giulia, Trentino, and Alto Adige were still under Austrian rule and were not annexed to Italy until World War I -
German Empire proclaimed
