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The Mexican Revolution
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Zapata
Zapata prepared the Plan of Ayala, which declared Madero incapable of fulfilling the goals of the revolution. This political document which denounced Madero's policies and presidency while promoting his own. -
Diaz is ousted
Porfirio Diaz rose to power and was ultimately ousted with the signing of the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez on May 21, 1911. It discusses how Diaz helped Mexico develop economically as well as his role in prematurely suggesting the country was ready for democracy. It examines how his departure left a leadership void that contributed to the country's political instability and civil war. -
Madero wins presidency
Madero establishes his headquarters of the revolution in offices 507-508 of the caples building in El Paso. Madero establishes a provisional capital of Mexico in an adobe building near the present-day site of Monument Maker in El Paso. His troops were under the influence of Villa and Orozco. Diaz resigned and fled to Paris. Madero then won the Mexican Presidency. -
Huerta became President
Huerta became a high-ranking officer under pro-democracy President Francisco Madero during the first phase of the Mexican Revolution. In 1913, Huerta led a counter-revolutionary coup, the Ten Tragic Days, in which Madero was deposed and then assassinated. The Huerta regime was immediately opposed by revolutionary forces, and Huerta was forced to resign and flee the country in 1914, after 17 months as president. While attempting to intrigue with German spies in the United States during World War -
Ten tragic days
This was a Coup d'état placed upon President Madero and Vice President Pino Suárez. In this time they were forced to resign from their positions in order to guarantee their safe release. Victoriano Huerta led this and assumed presidency after their resignations and later assasinations on the 22nd of Febuary. -
Tampico Affair
Carranza's forces were ten miles from the prosperous oil town of Tampico.. There was a considerable concentration of U.S. citizens in the area due to the immense investment of American firms in the local oil industry. Several American warships commanded by Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo settled in the area with the expectation of protecting American citizens and property. Americans sailors detained by Huerta soldiers and released. -
USS Dolphin Affair
The USS Dolphin affair. A small U.S. landing party from the USS Dolphin, stationed off the coast near Tampico and under the command of Captain Ralph T. Earle, were arrested after wandering into a restricted area. The sailors were soon released and an apology given. U.S. Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo thought the apology insufficient and demanded the Mexican army to hoist the US flag and present a twenty-one gun salute to the American Navy. This scenario caused serious political strif -
President Wilson
United States President Wilson sends to Mexico the United States military to occupy the port of Veracruz for six months. This action was taken following reports of a German ship called "Ypiranga" reported to be carrying arms and heading for Veracruz harbor. Pancho Villa and Zapata support the Convention of Aguascalientes against Carranza. The U.S. Navy sailors that engaged the Mexican army were referred to as "bluejackets". -
Orozco dead
Pascual Orozco killed by Texas Rangers in El Paso, Texas. Orozco organized a small force in the Guerrero area of Chihuahua and won against federal forces. With every victory his force grew. Comprised of local peasants who were drawn by patriotism, greed or both. -
Carranza
Venustiano Carranza was a leader in the Mexican civil war following the overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz and became the first president of the new Mexican Republic in 1917. A moderate who was tainted by his association with Díaz, Carranza opposed the sweeping changes that followed the revolution. When the opposition rebelled in 1920, Carranza fled the capital and was betrayed and murdered. -
Jose Orozco
His paintings of the 1920s were often tragic. General Orozco was absent from his cabinet causing strife between the two men and more importantly friction between civilian and established military leadership that was to prolong the war and horrible suffering for the next decade. The city of Ciudad Juarezandier falls to Madero under the military leadership of General Orozco and Pancho Villa. -
Battle of Esperanza
Huerta forces defeated, Huerta flees Mexico. Minor revolts and mutinies in following years, but large scale fighting is over. An estimated 2 million are thought to have died as a result of the Revolution. -
Villa
Minister of the army and navy, General Plutarco Elias Calles, declares there will be no peace with Villa and calls for his surrender. Villa breaks off contact with the government and goes into hiding in his mountain stronghold. Calles sends off troops in pursuit of Villa. Villa continued his guerrilla activities as long as Carranza remained in power. -
Cárdenas
During his time as president he based his political campaign on the indigeneous people, health, land distribution, agriculture and education. During his role in the Revolution, Cardenas was assigned to shoot a priest, but he refused, according to his writings. When Cardenas' term ended in 1940, Mexican politics seemed to regress, and nany of the reforms he had put into place were dismantled in the following years.During the Spanish Civil War, Cardenas supported the Republic. -
David Siqueiros
While still with the Mexican Revolution Army, he co-founded a group called the Congress of Soldier Artists. He also teamed up with Diego Rivera, a fellow muralist and hard-core leftist, and Javier Guerrero, to start El Machete, the weekly paper that became the official mouthpiece for the country's Communist Party. Following the rise of the left-leaning cardenas to the Mexican presidency, Siqueiros returned to his home country. But his stay there was short lived.
