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1543
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
Academic prestige as a sign of social prestige. Many scientists became well known public figures or were hired by members of the upper class to give lectures or write articles.
Experimentalism of the new society, always looking for new discoveries or technologies that would improve living conditions. -
1543
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
Many cultural and scientific advances were made in the 19th century. The creation of schools, universities, scientific societies and research centres to support the industrialisation process. -
SUFFRAGISM AND FEMINISM
At the end of the 19th century, there was still great inequality between men and women. Although men had won the right to vote thanks to the successive liberal revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848, women had not. They were not allowed to go to university and had to obey their husbands, fathers or brothers.
They began to form groups demanding gender equality. As their main demand at that time was the right to suffrage or vote. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) -
THE BISMARCKIAN SYSTEMS OF ALLIANCES
-First system: Was in 1872 and was Known as the League of the Three Emperors, this was an alliance between the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires. -Second system: Was between 1879 and 1882 Bismarck revived the League of the Three Emperors, reaching an agreement, a double alliance with Austria and later joined by Italy, thus forming the Triple Alliance. -Third system: In 1887 The German chancellor reinforced the Triple Alliance and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Russian tsar -
ARMED PEACE
After Bismarck's resignation in 1890, two opposing diplomatic blocs were formed in Europe: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple Entente (Russia, France and Great Britain). Britain was concerned that the German navy had become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the Royal Navy. -
THE TENSION ARISES
As diplomatic tension between the two blocs increased, each bloc invested in its military, taking advantage of the advances of industrialisation. This process was called the arms race or armed peace. -
THE TWO BALKAN WARS
In 1912, two Balkan Wars began. In the first, an alliance of Balkan countries– Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece–declared war on the Turks, leading to the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Europe. In the second, the former allies fought each other. Serbia, which had the support of the Russians, benefited from this war. -
LITERARY MOVEMENTS
Realism. Realist literature was developed by authors such as Honoré de Balzac (France), Charles Dickens (England), Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Russia) and Benito Pérez Galdós (Spain).
Naturalism. Naturalistic writers depicted everyday reality with extreme realism. In naturalistic works, people would change for the better if their living conditions changed. Émile Zola (France) and Emilia Pardo Bazán (Spain) were important naturalistic writers. -
SUFFRAGISM IN SPAIN
The struggle for women's right to vote in Spain did not begin until well into the 20th century. This was due to Spain's limited industrial and cultural development and the power of the Catholic Church.
The novelist Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851-1921) criticized the political advances of liberal men because they had increased inequality between men and women.
The writer and activist Concepción Arenal (1820-1893) believed that women should not be limited to the traditional roles of wife and mother. -
EMMELINE PANKHURST
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) is considered the most important British feminist of her time. She was an activist and leader of the suffragette movement, but was criticised by her contemporaries for the very aggressive methods - such as smashing windows and supporting arson - that she used to make her views known.