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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE
The late 19th century-also known as the époquewas a period of prosperity and optimism, but also of great tnesion in international relations because of territorial expansionism. Between 1870 and 1890, relations between countries were betermined by germany -
SUFFRAGISM AND FEMINISM
At the end of the 19th century, there continued to be great inequality between men and women. Although men had achieved the right to vote thanks to the successive liberal revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848, women had not. Because of these injustices, women, especially in Great Britain, began to form groups calling for gender equality. -
The bismarckian systems of alliance
First system (1872). Known as the League of the Three Emperors, this was an alliance between the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires.
Second system (1879-1882). Bismarck made a bilateral agreement with Austria (Dual Alliance). Italy later joined the agreement, forming the Triple Alliance. Bismarck also revived the League of the Three Emperors.
Third system (1887). The German chancellor reinforced the Triple Alliance and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Russian tsar. -
ARMED PEACE
After Bismarck resigned in 1890, two opposing diplomatic blocs formed in Europe: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple Entente (Russia, France and Great Britain). The Entente meant the end of British neutrality in Europe. -
THE TENSION ARISES
The etension arises is that as diplomatic tension between the two blocs increased, each of them invested in its army, taking advantage of the advances of industrialization. Between 1905 and 1911, France and Germany were on the brink of war over control of Morocco, a territory that Germany wanted for its strategic value and because of the raw materials it could provide for German industry, 1912, two Balkan Wars began the first alliance of Balkan countries Serbia, Bulgaria,Montenegro and Greece. -
SUFFRAGISM IN SPAIN
The fight for women’s right to vote in Spain did not begin until well into the 20th century. Was because of Spain’s limited industrial and cultural development, and the power of the Catholic Church.
Novelist Emilia Pardo Bazán 1921 criticised the political advances made by liberal men because they had actually increased inequality between men and women. Writer and activist Concepción Arenal 1893 believed that women should not be restricted to the traditional roles of wife and mother. -
EMMELINE PANKHURST
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) is considered the most important British feminist of her time. She was an activist and leader of the suffragette movement, but was criticised by her contemporaries for the very aggressive methods - such as smashing windows and supporting arson - that she used to make her views known. -
Women and the Struggle for Voting
Until the First World War, the suffragists achieved very little. Only four Nordic states and New Zealand. The situation would change thanks to the Great War, when 20 million soldiers went to fight in Europe. And the end of the war other nations began to recognise women’s right to vote, such as Germany, Canada, Spain, the United States, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Luxembourg and Sweden. -
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
Many cultural and scientific advances were made in the 19th century. The great scientific revolution of the 17th century was followed by a second scientific revolution during this period.
The creation of schools, universities, scientific societies and research centres to support the industrialisation process. Academic prestige as a sign of social prestige, and Experimentalism of the new society, always looking for new discoveries or technologies that would improve living conditions. -
LITERARY MOVEMENTS
Realist literature was developed by authors such as Honoré de Balzac (France), Charles Dickens (England), Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Russia) and Benito Pérez Galdós (Spain). Naturalistic writers depicted everyday reality with extreme realism. In naturalistic works, people would change for the better if their living conditions changed. Writers in both movements wrote in an objective style, faithfully representing reality in the form of a social critique.