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1212
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
At the beginning of the 13th century, the king of Castile formed an alliance with Aragón and Navarre against the Almohads, who had invaded the Peninsula and put a stop to the southward expansion of the Christian kingdoms. -
Period: 1217 to 1252
Ferdinand III
Ferdinand III, 1199/1201 – 30 May 1252, called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and León, but also masterminding the most expansive campaign of Reconquista yet. -
1230
Definitive union of Castile and León
The two kingdoms were finally unified in 1230, when Ferdinand III inherited the Kingdom of Castile from his mother and the Kingdom of León from his father. -
1244
Ferdinand III occupies Jaén
In this siege the Castilian troops carried out different attacks against city gates that, at most, succeeded in expelling the defenders of the antemuro without being able to overcome the main wall. -
Period: 1252 to 1284
Alfonso X
Alfonso X of Castile, called "the Wise" (Toledo, November 23, 1221 -Sevilla, April 4, 1284), was King of León, Castilla, and the other kingdoms with which it was entitled between 1252 and 1284 On the death of his father, Ferdinand III "the Saint", he resumed the offensive against the Muslims, and occupied Jerez (1253), razed the port of Rabat, Salé (1260) and conquered Cádiz (c.1262). In 1264, he had to face an important revolt of the Mudejars of Murcia and the Guadalquivir valley. -
1262
Alfonso X conquers Niebla
In 1262, after a siege of nine months, Alfonso X de Castilla conquered the city. In the siege, gunpowder was used for the first time for war purposes in the West; using bombards. The Castilian king allowed the Muslim population to continue residing in the city, contrary to what had happened after the violent conquest of other Andalusian cities. -
1273
Foundation of the Mesta
The Honest Council of the Mesta of Alfonso X was created in 1273 by Alfonso X el Sabio, bringing together all the pastors of León and Castilla in a national association and granting them important prerogatives and privileges such as exempting them from military service and witnessing in the trials, rights of way and grazing, etc. -
Period: 1284 to 1295
Sancho IV
Sancho IV of Castile, called "the Brave" (Valladolid, May 12, 1258 - Toledo, April 25, 1295), was King of Castile between 1284 and 1295. He was the son of King Alfonso X "the Wise" and of his wife, the queen Violante de Aragón, daughter of Jaime I "the Conqueror", king of Aragon. -
Period: 1295 to 1312
Ferdinand IV
Ferdinand IV of Castile (6 December 1285 – 7 September 1312) called the Summoned (el Emplazado), was a King of Castile and León from 1295 until his death. During his minority, his upbringing and the custody of his person were entrusted to his mother, Queen María de Molina, while his tutorship was entrusted to the Infante Henry of Castile the Senator, son of King Fernando III of Castile. -
Period: 1312 to 1350
Alfonso XI
Alfonso XI of Castile, called «the Justiciero» (Salamanca, August 13, 1311 - Gibraltar, March 26, 1350), was King of Castile, the great-grandson of Alfonso X «el Sabio». The death of his father, Fernando IV, in 1312, a multitude of disputes developed between several candidates to hold the regency, resolved in 1313. -
1340
Battle of Salado
The Battle of Río Salado, also known as the Battle of Tarifa (30 October 1340) was a battle of the armies of King Afonso IV of Portugal and King Alfonso XI of Castile against those of sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali of the Marinid dynasty and Yusuf I of Granada. -
1344
Alfonso XI occupies Algeciras
The siege of Algeciras of 1342 was a warlike enterprise carried out by the Castilian troops of Alfonso XI together with the fleets of Aragon and Genoa during the Reconquest with the aim of conquering the Muslim city of al-Ŷazīra al-Jaḍrāʔ, called Algeciras by the Christians, main port of the European shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. -
Period: 1350 to 1369
Peter I
Pedro I of Castile (Burgos, August 30, 1334 - Montiel, March 23, 1369), 1 called in the aftermath «the Cruel» by his detractors and «the Just» or «the Justiciero» by his supporters, He was King of Castile from March 26, 1350 until his death. -
1369
Beginning of the Trastámara, dynasty in the Crown of Castile
The House of Trastámara was a branch of the dynasty of Castilian origin that reigned in the Crown of Castile from 1369 to 1555, the Crown of Aragon from 1412 to 1555, the Kingdom of Navarra from 1425 to 1479 and the Kingdom of Naples from 1458 to 1501 and from 1504 to 1555. -
Period: 1369 to 1379
Henry II of Trastámara
Enrique II of Castile, also known like Enrique de Trastámara, called "the Fratricida" or "the one of the Mercedes" (Seville, 13 of January of 1333 or principles of 1334 - Santo Domingo de la Calzada, 29 of May of 1379), He was King of Castile, the first of the House of Trastámara. -
Period: 1379 to 1390
John I
John I (Spanish: Juan I; 24 August 1358 – 9 October 1390) was King of the Crown of Castile from 1379 until 1390. He was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile. He was the last monarch of Castile to receive a formal coronation. -
Period: 1390 to 1406
Henry III
Henry III of Castile (4 October 1379 – 25 December 1406), called the Mourner (Spanish: Enrique el Doliente, Galician: Henrique o Doente), was the son of John I and Eleanor of Aragon. He succeeded his father as King of Castile in 1390. -
Period: 1406 to 1454
John II
John was the son of King Henry III and his wife, Catherine of Lancaster. His mother was the granddaughter of King Peter, who was ousted by Henry III's grandfather, King Henry II. John succeeded his father on 25 December 1406, and united in his person the claims of both Peter and Henry II. His mother and his uncle, King Ferdinand I of Aragon, were co-regents during his minority. When Ferdinand I died in 1416, his mother governed alone until her death in 1418. -
Period: 1454 to 1474
Henry IV
Henry IV of Castile (Castilian: Enrique IV) (5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454–1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. During Henry's reign the nobles increased in power and the nation became less centralised. -
Period: 1474 to 1504
Isabella I
Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel, 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) reigned as Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death. Her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon became the basis for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V. After a struggle to claim her right to the throne, she reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. -
Period: 1475 to 1479
Civil war in Castile
It is called War of Castilian Succession to the warlike conflict that took place of 1475 to 1479 by the succession of the Crown of Castile between the supporters of Juana de Trastámara, daughter of the deceased monarch Enrique IV of Castile, and those of Isabel, stepsister of this last one .
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Period: 1482 to 1492
War of Granada
The war in Granada was the set of military campaigns that took place between 1482 and 1492, undertaken by Queen Elizabeth I of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon in the interior of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada, which culminated in the Capitulations of Granada of King Boabdil.
