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Brown vs. Board of Education (Kansas)
"Seperate-but-equal" education is illegal
desegregated schools -
Diana v. State Board of Education (California)
cannot use culturally biased tests to place children in special education -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Violation of the 14th Amendment to deny education to those with disabilities. -
Mills v. Board of Education (District of Columbia)
Violation of the 14th Amendment to deny education to those with disabilities. -
Section 504-Rehabiltiation Avt of 1972 U.S.C Section 794
Those who receive federal funds can't discriminate based on disability -
Education of All Handicaapped Children Act
all children are entitled to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) Must have an individualized education plan for each student served -
Larry P. v Riles (California)
The use of standardized IQ tests for placement into special education classes was discriminatory. -
Board of Education v. Rowley (New York)
FAPE defined, public schools must provide special education services -
Education of All Handicaapped Children Act- Ammended
data must be collected of students exiting systems, transition needs of secondary students must be addressed, incentives if the state provides services to infants and preschoolers with disabilities -
Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Acts
Development of employment training activities for adults with disabilities -
Education of All Handicaapped Children Act- Ammended
By 1991 all schools have to provide FAPE to 3-5-year-olds with disabilities or lose federal assistance for preschools -
Honig v. Doe (California)
A suspension that lasts longer than 10 days is considered a change of placement -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
provides reasonable accommodations in the workplace
individuals cannot be discriminated against
employers can't ask about disability
Public places/transportation must be accessible
Adapted communication provided by phone companies
provides modifications in classes for students in colleges/universities. -
Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District (New Jersey)
Least restrictive environment: Schools must consider regular education placements first, with supplementary
aids and services, before alternative placements -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
State testing for all children grades 3-8 in math, reading, and science. Schools must show adequate yearly progress (AYP) moving towards 100% proficiency for all students. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- Ammended
Response to instructional intervention (RTI) must be used as part of the identification process
up to 15% of federal special education funding goes towards RTI -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
replaced NCLB
create own standards and accountability system to identify and support struggling schools
only 1% of students with the most significant cognitive disabilities can participate in alternate assessments -
Period: to
Future of Special Education
I feel that advancements in technology will help make education more accessible for all students. As schools move towards student-driven instruction in blended classrooms, teachers will be able to support more diverse learners. Students will also have access to technology that will allow them to access education with their typical peers.