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The Civil Rights Act
The Civil Right Act of 1866 was established. It protect the civil rights of African Americans. Anyone who breaks the Civil Right Act would be sue. The act also guaranteed said that anyone involve would be included in the demand. -
The 14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment grants the privilege of citizenship of African Americans. The Amendment guarantees that a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The 14th Amendment also makes it illegal to deny a person equal protection under the law. The U.S. Constitution treats the 14th Amendment as a treaty. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in an 8 to 1 vote. The "separate but equal" argument was presented in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. According with Justice Henry Billings Brown "The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the quality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality". -
The NAACP
The W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights activists established the NAACP. The purpose was to fight racial injustice. The legislative bodies created an anti-lynching laws and eradicate injustice in its first 20 years. -
The Legal Defense and Education Fund
The NAACP established a Legal Defense and Education Fund. It was built to fight legal battles in court. Charles Hamilton Houston was the head of this organization. The fund created a strategy of dismantling segregation in education. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall’s strategy of fighting segregation is endorsed by the NAACP Board of Directors. He was tackling segregation in education. -
School Segregation
Several school segregation cases had been filed in states. For example, like in Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington DC. They also are combined under Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. -
Overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
The U.S. Supreme Court without the opposition of the rules to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. The ruling argued that the racial segregation of public school is a violation of the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. -
Brown II
Some states refuse to implement the decision. Many states even consider it “null, void, and no effect” and begin establishing laws arguing against it. The U.S. Supreme Court issues a second ruling, also known as Brown II. This ruling mandates that desegregation must occur “with all deliberate speed.” -
Cooper v. Aaron
Arkansas’ governor refused to desegregate schools. In the case, Cooper v. Aaron the U.S. Supreme Court argued that states must obey. And listen to its rulings as it is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
