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Cotton gin
The cotton gin is a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber. It was 50 times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. The cotton gin brought a miraculous change to the U.S. and the world. Practically overnight, the production of cotton became very profitable. Not only did the South prosper, but the North as well since they wove the cloth in Northern mills. Many acres were cleared westward to make more room for cotton. -
2nd Great Awakening
Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the 2nd Great Awakening
• a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance
movement (no alcohol), women’s rights movement, the abolition of slavery in the 1830s
• it spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings”
• the East went to the West to Christianize Indians
• Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs,
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Market Revolution
Just as the political landscape of America changed, the economic scene did too. Essentially, the business began to grow up. The era of the self-supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty driven economy. These times widened the gap between the rich and poor. Cities saw the greatest extremes -
Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution began in the 1750's in Britain with a group of inventors perfecting textile machines. These British developments eventually found their way into American industry. Factories were made to work with the South's raw textiles. Industrialization started in the North because of its dense population, reliance of shipping, and its number of seaports. The rapid rivers of the North also provided power for turning the cogs of machinery. -
Lowell System
the Lowell System was a labor production model invented by Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts in the 19th century. The system was designed so that every step of the manufacturing process was done under one roof and the work was performed by young adult women instead of children or young men. -
Universal white male suffrage
After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed. The big winner of this transformation was the common man. Specifically, the common white man as universal white manhood suffrage (all
white men could vote) became the norm. the New Democracy, was based on universal white manhood suffrage. In 1791, Vermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to vote in the elections. -
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Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon, the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion. -
Steamboats
Robert Fulton was a painter/engineer who got the financial backing to build a powerful steam engine and later steamboat
(Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton’s Folly'.' But in 1807, the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson
River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years, Fulton changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and
forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods. -
2nd Bank of US
The 2nd B.U.S. was a federal establishment operated by the government as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. -
Impressment
This is the forcible enlistment of sailors or soldiers. This was a crude form of conscription that the British had employed for over four hundred years. At this time, the London authorities claimed the right to impress only British subjects on their own soil, harbor, or merchant ships. However, many Americans were mistaken for Englishmen and between 1808 and 1811 alone some 6,000 United States citizens were impressed by the "piratical man-stealers" of England one of the major causes War of 1812. -
Hartford Convention 1814
In 1814, a regional secret convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut due to the Federalist discontent. They were unhappy because of the lessened voting weight of New England in Congress and Electoral College due to adding western states to theunion.These Federalists were seen as traitors by the public.They proposed Constitutional Amendments, one to eliminate the 3/5 clause and in turn lessen the South’s voting power. They were shunned into disgrace which led to the downfall of their party. -
"Star-Spangled Banner"
Francis Scott Key was the poet who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" in 1814 during the War of 1812. It was written while watching the Americans defend Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The poem has become an important part of the American identity. -
McCullogh v Maryland
This case involved Maryland’s trying to destroy the Bank of the
U.S. by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland’s right to tax the bank, and also gave the doctrine of “loose construction,”
using the elastic clause of the Constitution as its basis. He implied that the Constitution was to last for many ages, and thereby was constructed loosely, flexibly, to be bent as times changed. -
Monroe Doctrine 1823
The Monroe Doctrine was an expression of the post-1812 nationalism energizing the U.S. It was a response to Russia’s threat on the Northwest coast. Its two basic features were Non-Colonization and Non-Intervention. Colonization's era had ended and foreign powers needed to keep their monarchial systems out of the U.S. The Old World powers could not gain any more settlements in the Americas. The doctrine gave vent to patriotism but deepened the illusion of isolationism. -
Gibbons v Ogden
This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Justice Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. -
Era of Good Feelings
This occurred during the years of Monroe's presidency. Supposedly, people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for independence with Britain and due to the fact that only one political party was present. On the surface everything looked fine, but underneath everything was troubled. Conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, the Missouri Compromise also had a very dampening effect on those good feelings. -
Spoils system
This system was set up by Andrew Jackson not long after his election into the presidency in 1828. It had already developed a strong hold in the industrial states such as New York and Pennsylvania. It gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign, to those loyal to Jackson. The name came from Senator Marcy's remark in 1832, "to the victor belong the spoils.” -
Indian Removal Act 1830
Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians died on the “Trail of Tears” after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries. Also, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 to deal with Indians. -
"The Liberator"
On January 1st, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of The Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War. -
Seneca Falls Convention'48
Seneca Falls Convention was a women’s rights convention New York, 1848; First meeting for women's rights, helped in long
struggle for women to be equal to men. Wrote Declaration of Sentiments saying “all men, and women, are created equal”
