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Kanagawa Treaty
Japan was purposefully isolated until 1853, when the USA naval wins a battle where the Shogum signs the Treaty that forces economical subordination upon Japan. This causes a change in power, the end of Japanese isolation, and led to the Meiji Era -
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Meiji Era
The government of Emperor Mitsuo Hito was marked by the modernization and the ocidentalization of Japan. Some of the remarcable actions were the implementation of the Yen, comerce fortification and the end of the Samurai tradition. This era brought to Japan the feeling of nation based on the overcomming of Kanagawa -
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French-Prussian War
War between France and Germaninc states led by the Prussian Otto von Bismark. Won by the Prussia and the other independent states, this war resulted in the unification of Germany. The end of the war was marked by the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I in the Versailles Palace, the transference of Alsace-Lorrane to Germany and the start of the 2. French Republic (1871-1940). Besides, the French-Prussian War caused a feeling of revanchism for France. -
Risorgimento
Italian unification happened in 2 fronts, North and South. The northern movement wins and Italy becomes a Parlamentar Monarchie until 1946. However, the Pope did't agree with the unification, causing the Roman question. -
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II Reich
The unified Germany became a parlamentar monerchie, where the Kaiser is the state leader and the chanceler, Otto von Bismark, practically controlles Germany. Nationalism, militarism and antisemitism were growing. When Wilhelm II assumed, Bismark renounced and Germany started an imperialist policy -
Period: to
Italian parlamentar monarchie
The Savoia Dynasty ruled Italy in a parlamentar monarchie until 1946 with political, party and press freedom until the rise of Mussolini in 1922 -
The Dual Alliance
Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia -
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Austria-Hungary made an alliance with part of Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia with the aid of some ethnic Serbian groups -
The Triple Alliance
Germany and Autria-Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia -
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Berlin Conference
This conference aspired to discuss the division of Africa between the most powerfull European countries. It was one of Bismark's most important acts for the implementation of the Realpolitik, reaching for strengthening of German diplomacy. The division of Africa was an imperialistic act that would provide more raw material, consumers, strategic bases, and was suported by the Social Darwinism ideology. -
Franco-Russian Alliance
Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria-Hungary -
Period: to
First Sino-Japanese War
Japan wins war against China, showing how they modernized and overcame the American victory upon them. They won islands, Koran independency, and indenization, but it all goes to ocident countries, causing humiliation. As a concequence, nationalism and militarism increased, and there was even an ultranationalist group, Amur River Society -
First Abyssinian War
War between Abyssinia and Italy that resulted in an humiliating lost for Italy and later would cause the Second Abyssinian War -
Hundred Days of Reform
Attempt of the Qing dynasty to modernize China and combat the imperialism. The reform failed and proved the weak power of the Emperor -
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Limits the number of ships in Asia. It was the first pact between an European and a non-European country done as equals, showing how respectful they were towards Japan -
Entente Cordiale
Agreement between France and Britain preceding the Triple Entente -
Period: to
Russo-Japanese War
Japan wins and receives even more respect and power in foreing policy. They win Korea and Port Arthur, which gives access to Manchuria. After this war, Japan is recognised as an Asian imperialist power (Asian Monroe Doctrine) -
First Morrocco Crisis
Kaiser Wilhelm II visits Morrocco, making it clear that Germany regarded Morrocco as an independent state, and encouraged the Sultan to resist French pressure. -
Anglo-Russian Entente
Agreement between Britain and Russia preceding the Triple Entente -
Triple Entente
Made between Russia, France, and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany -
Second Morrocco Crisis
After doing an agreement rocognising French political statis in return for open economic competition, Germany invested once more by sending a gubboat to Morrocco. Lloyd-George publicly warned Germany against that and the crisis was settled with a new agreement. -
War Expansion
In this year, the war also started to expand to the North Sea, Black Sea and to the Mediterranean. This caused a greater exaustion, higher expences, and lack of suppriment to the coutries, which deaply affected Germany -
1911 Revolution
Led by Sun Yatsen, the revolution dethroned the Qing Empire with a series of movements and revolutions that ended with the Empires general to force the Emperor PuYi to abdicate of the throne. The General Yuan Shikai became the first president of China -
Period: to
Taisho Democracy
Emperor Taisho implemented a democracy in which the 1st minister was chosen by a parlament, breaking with the tradition of Daymio domaining politics. They had strong economy based on exportaition, high inequality, valorized the comerce and the industrials, had a very polarized society and lost the suport of traditional groups. -
Murder of Franz Ferdinand
Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was murdered in Sarayevo, Bosnia-Herzogovina by Black Hand, a pan-slav group. The incident was partially planed, since A-H was invading B-H because of the Autrian interest in the Balkans and, before sending Franz Ferdinand to Sarayevo, the Austrian 1st Minister and the German Kaiser had a meeting for Germany to give the Black Check to A-H.
After the muder, A-H blamed Sebia, Serbia doesn't accept the blame, and A-H invades them -
Begining of First World War
A-H declared war agains Serbia. A-H received support from Germany, Serbia received support from Russia. While this happened, Germany implemented the Schlieffen Plan to attack France and France implemented the Plan XVII to prontect the frontier in Alsace-Lorrane. In the oriental front, Poincoré convinces Russia to fight against Germany too. -
The Battle of the Frontiers
Begining of the use of trenches in the FWW. This "technic" was used in famous battles such as the Battle of Somm and the Battle of Verdun. Germany was defeted in the Battle of Armiens were the trenches were also used -
Change in the alliances
Before, the war was divided between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Now, it was divided between the Central Empires and the Allies. -
21 Demands
During the FWW, Japan tries to implement 21 imperialistic demands on China. The demands caused revolt to China, France and Britain, making the Japanese government to retreat and only impose some of the demands -
Period: to
Warlord Period
The period that later would inpire Mao's ideology was very hard for peasants. It was filled by internal wars that difficulted their lives. The CCP was created in this period and the first united front was the only moment were parties and warlords weren't all fighting with each other. The period end with the Manchurian Crisis -
End of War in the Eastern Front
This armistice was called after the Bolchevic's Revolution(1917), since the leader, Lenin, had a speech of peace. The German General Paul Hindenburg was seen as a hero for bringing the victory for Germany. -
Signature of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Peace treaty to seal the end of the war in the Eastern Front. Russia ends up losing some territories, including Poland. -
USA joins the war
As the USA wasn't participating in the war until then, they still had a lot of funds and well rested troups. Their entrance in the war changed the course of things -
Period: to
Weimar Republic
Post FWW, German people dethroned the Kaiser (stab in the back) and the country turned into a Parlamentar Republic known for its political freedom. After the war and specially after the impositions of the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar's Republic entered in a huge economical crisis. At the same time, radical politics from the right and from the left emerged -
Period: to
Biennio Rosso
Increased popularity of socialism in the post war led to many strikes and manifestations. The negotiations to stop the strikes caused the separation of the PSI and the PCI -
End of the FWW
As the war ends in the Western Front with the surrender of Germany and the victory of the Allies, negotiations begin. German people and army still had the impression that they could have won since Germany wasn't invaded, however the country was too exhausted to continue the was. The nonconformity caused an uprising that lead to dethroning Kaiser Wilhelm II and the rising of the Weimar's Republic -
Fiume incident
D'Annunzio created an armed force to invade Fiume, one of the terre irridente. They managed to win the territory, but the prime-minister Gioltti returne it to Yugoslavia -
Creation of the Fascist ideology
Mussolini creates and spreads his ideology as a response of the right to the increasing socialism. -
Period: to
Paris Peace Conference
Meeting between the "winners" of the FWW. In this conference, the Treaty of Versailles(1919) was signed, declaring Germany resopnsible for the war, punishing all of the Central Empires and created the League of Nations. -
May 4th Movement
Movement against the decisions taken in the Paris Peace Conference regarding Asia. China helped in the FWW and didn't receive territories in return. Caused the foundation of CCP -
NSDAP foundation
The NSDAP was founded by Anton Drexter and had its leadership later given to Hitler. -
Stablishment of the Fasci Party
The fascists became a small party, although they were already a big group. Mussolini, along with others, was elected as deputy and the Black Shirts repressed the workers movements as the Fasci armed milice -
Rapallo Treaty
Diplomatic and comercial treaty between Italy and USSR showing that, although Fascism was an anticomunist ideology, Mussolini had a pragmatic politic that works beside the ideology -
March on Rome
30.000 protestants marched on Rome to take over the capital and demanding a new government. Although they didn't actually took over Rome, this act of strength made the prime-minister renounce and Mussolini to be made the new prime-minister showing how weak the italian government was -
Washington Treaty System
Four-powe treaty: USA, France, GB, and Japan mutually respect possecions in Asia;
Five-power naval treaty: ratio of ships - 5GB : 5USA : 3JAP : 1.75FRA+ITA;
Nine-power treaty: respect China's independency. -
Corfu Affair
Despite the peacefull speeches, Mussolini invades the island of Corfu, only backing out after negotiations with the League of Nations -
Invasion of Rhineland
It was written in the Treaty of Versailles that if Germany didn't pay all of their debts on time, the Rhineland would be invaded. Since Germany was going through a huge post-war economical crisis, they couldn't pay and in 1923, France invaded this area. This caused insane inflation ($1=DEU2.300.000.000.000) -
Putsch of Bavier
Failed coup d'état by the Nazi, turning point that led to the prison of Hitler. -
Acerbo Law
Italian law by Mussolini that guarantied to the party with most votes 2/3 of the parlament -
Period: to
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
Coup d'État to overthrown monarchie after weakening of army because of Morrocco. Favoured political stability, but didn't help with economical crisis. It's socially moderated but increased centralization. -
Period: to
Dawes Plan
Provisory plan made by the USA to enable Germany to pay their post-FWW debts. The plan worked until 1929, when the great depression made it impossible to continue -
Locarno Treaties
Italy mediates a meeting with many influent countries to sign this treaty that guaranties peace and the acceptance of the Versailles Treaty -
Jiang Jieshi becomes leader of GMD
When Jiang Jieshi became the leadr of Guomindang, the party bacame more militarized and grew appart from CCP. Jiang Jieshi saw CCP as a threat to his power -
Creation of OVRA
After 4 assassination attempts for Mussolini the Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo (OVRA) was created increasing Mussolini's dictatorship -
White Terror
Threatened by the CCP, Jiang Jieshi kills many comunists in Shanghai, including authorities of the CCP. Mao Zedong wasn't caught and got stronger in the party as his superiors died -
Kellog-Briand Pact
Pact with the goal of renouncing war as a way of solving a conflict. The pact didn't work because it didn't stablish any way to aply it. -
Murder of Zhang Zuolin
The warlord domaining Manchuria wass murdered by the Japanese group Kwantung Army. While the government of Hiroito wanted to influence Manchuria by helping Zhang against the First United Front, Kwantung attacked causing an anti-Japanese campaign and 3 different prime-ministers in 3 years. Against the Emperors will, the Manchurian Crisis begins -
Lateran Treaty
After decades dealing with the Roman Question, Mussolini finaly manages to solve it with the Lateran Treaty. He creates the Vatican territory for the Catholic Church and the Pope finaly recognizes Italy -
Futian Incident
Mao Zedong starts to show authoritarian methods in the Jiangxi Soviet base. In the Futian Incident, he kills the members of CCP that disagreed from him in any form -
Period: to
Manchurian Crisis
Starting with the Mukden Incident, in which a bomb exploded near Port Arthur giving Kwantung a reason to invade, the Manchurian Crisis resulted in Manchuria as a Puppet State of Japan, since the GMD didn't resist, prefering to fight against the CCP and the people had to fight independently -
Period: to
Left Spanish Republic - Azana
Made reforms and important changes but wasn't radical. Everyone was mad at him so he had no support. Azana resigned in 1933. -
Shanghai bombardment
Japan bombards Shanghai, becoming even more violent and causing an anti-Japanese feeling to the Chinese people -
Lytton report
After the Manchurian Crisis, the League of Nations investigated the Japanese acts and asked Japan to return Manchuria. Japan refuses and leaves the LoN, showing how weak they were and stops the international cooperation by ending the Washington Treaty System -
May 15th Incident
Koda-ha military group attempts a coup in Tokyo. They invade delegacies, headquarters of political parties, and banks. Koda-ha manages to kill the prime-minister, weakening the democracy as a military assumes. They don't keep power and their disputes with Tosei-ha continue -
Four Power Pact
Negotiation of a pact between Britain, France, Nazi Germany, and Italy happen in Rome. Although the treaty failed to be implemented, the fact that Mussolini got major potencies to go to Rome acted as a propaganda -
Hitler becomes chanceler
After the 1929 crisis, the number of votes for the Nazi party increased significantly until, in 1932, they reached 37.3% of votes and, united with other parties, they voted for Hitler as prime-minister. The president Hindenburg didn't allow, saying that since he wasn't German he couldn't do it. The Nazi paralized the palaments until Hitler was finally declared chanceller -
Reevaluation of Versailles Treaty
Hitler becames chanceller and, in the same year, he suspends payments of the debts and starts a rearmament policy, ignoring the restrictions post-FWW. Germany leaves LoN at the same time -
Enabling Act
Law voted in an alliance of NSDAP with Zentrum and DNVP, supported by social groups, that permitted the concentration of power in Hitlers hands for four years. -
Purge of civil services
Hitler stablished that jews, comunists, and any other who was against or "unworthy" of the Nazi government couldn't work in any civil service -
Period: to
Spanish Right Republic
Undoes everything Azana did and returned to conservadorism. In 1934 the Falange was created. -
Burning of the Reichstag
One month before 1933 elections someone puts fire on the Reichstag. The fire was blamed on the KDP which increased the Red Scare and acted as propaganda to the NSDAP -
Attempt to Anschluss
The prime-minister of Autria was murdered by Austrian-Nazi. Germany attempted to anex Autria, but Mussolini moved his troops to the border to prevent it. Mussolini didn't want the Anschluss because Austria still had terre irridente. The crisis caused the first meeting between Hitler and Mussolini -
Murder of Tosei-ha leader
Koda-ha murders the leader of Tosei-ha. The murderer was arrested and condemned to death. -
Ascention as Führer
After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler declares himself Führer instead of calling for elections. Hitler takes full control of Germany and starts his Nazi dictatorship -
German-Polish non-aggression Pact
Germany and Poland sign a non-aggression pact, guaranteing to Germany that, this time, they wouldn't have to fight in 2 fronts -
The Night of Long Knives
A purge of the SA because of rivalry between leaders and the claim that Röhm wanted a "second revolution", creating the idea of "beefsteak". The slaughter was justified by the Emergency Defence Methods. -
Reich Press Law
Excluded every non-Nazi from the media and legally gave to the government full control of the press, which until then was mainly owned by liberals and jews. -
Period: to
The Long March
GMD encircles the Jiangxi Soviet and the comunists have to flee. They marched for approximatly a year, losing many people on the way. Although Mao Zedong wasn't there, this moment is used as a symbol of his ascention. The CCP was aided by the USSR who send Otto Braun. -
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
Britain continued with their appeasement politic and discussed with Germany how many battle ships one could have. -
Stresa Conference
Meeting between France, Britain, and Italy to discuss Germany as a threat after their rearmament. Vague decisions of creating a front against Germany were made. This conference increased Mussolini's political power. -
Hoare-Laval Pact
Secret agreement between France and Britain that decided to give 1/3 of Abyssinian territory to Italy to appease Mussolini. The pact leaked by journalists and didn't go further. -
Anti-comintern Pact
Germany and Japan do this pact to be an unite front against comunism and against the support of comunism -
Saar Question
After the FWW this territory was administrated by France. However, most of the population was German and a plebicit was done, voting to give the administration of the territory back to Germany. This stregthened Hitler -
Zunyi Conference
Conference between leaders of CCP. Otto Braun is against the use of Guerrilla war, prefering the Blockhouse strategy. Mao Zedong shows up in the conference and disagrees with Braun. The leaders vote that Mao was right, they begin to use of guerrila, and they win. -
Period: to
Second Abyssinian War
War between Abyssinia and Italy motivated by the Italian revanchism and the belief that there would be oil in Abyssinia. The war was quickly won by Italy but caused international turmoil, destroyed the Locarno spirit, and decredited the LoN -
Period: to
Yanan
New base to the CCP where Mao Zodong starts his authoritarian government. He systematizes and difuses his ideology, becoming a cult leader. His policy is turned to peasants, who are educated to be communists, but there are also attempts to allie with workers and local commerces. By mass lining, the Maoism is spread. -
Rome-Berlin Axis
Military coalition between Mussolini and Hitler that officialized their new alliance and brought the countries nearer. -
Koda-ha marches
Koda-ha violently marches, invading the prime-minister's house, the parlament, delegacies, and banks. In this march, they killed many politicians, increasing the support for Tosei-ha -
German militar occupation in the Rhineland
Using the Abyssinian War as a distraction Germany invades back the Rhineland although they didn't have enough armament and military power if anyone fought them. Their excuse was that France now had an alliance with the USSR and Germany was afraid that the comunism would spread to them. Britain and France allowed the invasion. -
Jiang Incident
Jiang Jieshi was extremely dictatorial and focused the fight against the CCP instead of fighting the Japanese. The second in command of the GMD knaps him and locks him up so that he could do the Second United Front with CCP and fight the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War -
Spanish Elections
Fascists against Broad Popular Front. Marked by many strikes, manifestations and murders. Broad Popular Front wins, but Falange attacks to make a coup starting the Spanish Civil War -
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
After Spanish elections were the popular front won, the falange started to protest, causing a war in which Italy and Germany supported the falange due to ideological affinity. Italy lost almost all its belic power and ended with an economical deficit, besides not receiving the promised militar base. Germany tested their Luftwaffe in famous battles such as Guernica. -
Anti-comintern Pact
Pact between Germany and Japan to which Italy was later invited to combat the support to comunist parties -
Rape of Nanjing
Extremely violent event when Japanese army killed approximatly half of the population of the city besides other atrocities. Since Nanjing was a very important comercial city, international press got to register the massacre and Japan started to be seen as brutal by the world -
Hossbach Memorandum
This was a meeting between the Nazi militar comand, the foreign minister, and Hitler to discuss Nazi expantion in Europe with a racial argument. The Hossbach Memorandum is the only written historical document with their goals and arguments -
Period: to
Second Sino-Japanese War
Kwantung starts the attack after a bomb exploded in Marco Polo Bridge. Important territories didn't take too long to be taken with extreme violence and the capital had to change many times. During the war, GMD lost support because of wrong decisions while CCP was growing. The war led to an oil boycott from USA to Japan. Japan wanted to stop the war since it would be impossible to keep all China, but the Chinese didn't sign any peace agreement so Japan didn't find any honorable way out of the war -
Anschluss
The Anschluss finally happens without the interference of Italy and with the support of Austrian-Nazi -
Southets Invasion
Great Britain and France allow German attack to the Southets -
Crystal Night
Mark of the violence against jews. All over Germany and anexed territories the night was marked by violence against these people, their houses, and commerces. -
Period: to
Japaese Expansion
Period of time in which Japan expanded their empire in Asia. Using the SWW as a distraction, they invaded more easily the desired territories. The expansion stoped with Pearl Harbor -
Pact of Steel
Defencive military mutual aid pact between Germany and Italy. It also included economic cooperation and an agreement that they would let the other know their plans before doing anything -
Albanian War
Since Italy helped Zog to achieve power of Albania in 1924, the country became Italy's protectorate and a satelite state. As Albania aproached Greece and Yugoslavia, it became a threat to Italy's power in the region. The Italian invasion was a demonstration of stregth and resulted in the anexation of Albania to the Italian Empire, starting the dreamt domain of the Mediterraneum -
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Non-agression pact between USSR and Germany to avoid having to fight in two fronts at the same time. Exemplifies the pragmatic politic of Hitler -
Period: to
1st Fase of SWW - Nazi expantion
1939 was called the "phoney war" since nothing happened after the invasion of Poland. France improvised a preparation in the Maginot line. Germany started the Blitzkrieg with the Schieffen Plan in 1940 and conquered 4 countries + north of France (including Paris). French government colaborated with the Nazi but there was popular resistence. -
Invasion of Poland
Germany invades Polish territory to regain lost territory and ultimately rule their neighbor to the east. The invasion starts the Second World War. -
Italy joins SWW
Italy joins Germany in the war after Britain made a block that harmed Italian economy -
Period: to
2nd Fase - Nazi contention
Marked by the Battle of Britain, in this period the Luftwaffe fought against the Royal Air Force. The results were many bombarded cities killing tausands of civillians. The RAF won this battle, permiting Britains survival. -
Period: to
The Holocaust
Jews were emprisioned and sent to concentration camps where they were killed in masses. -
Period: to
3rd Phase - ampliation of war
Italy invades Egipt, Japan attacks China, Indochina and Birmania, Germany occupies Greece, Bulgaria and Iugoslavia. USA joins war against Axis. Most important, it was the phase when USSR and Peral Harbor were attacked -
Pearl Harbor
Japan attacks the American base Pearl Harbor after the oil embargo they made because of the violence in China. The attack was a surprise and destroyed 90% of aircraft and sea power, but didn't destroy the aircraft carrier. Pearl Harbor made Roosevelt increase war effort that helped to do a faster counter attack -
Operation Barbarossa
Breaking the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Hitler attacks the USSR. It was one of the mistakes that led Hitler to lose the SWW. -
Period: to
4th Phase - counter-ofensive from the Allies
USA wins Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, while USSR wins in Stalingrad and GB wins in Egypt, Argelia and Morroco. Italy is attacked in 1943 and surreders by the end of the year. After that, events led to the end of the war -
Period: to
Rectification Movement in Yanan
Encouraged everyone to examine themselves and turn themselves in if they weren't a "good comunist". This helped to consolidate the maoist ideology whithin the people. -
Tehran Conference
Conference between the allies that determined that the war should now be fought in a new front on northern France -
Operation Overlord
Also known as D-Day, this marks the liberation of France from the Nazi in Normandy. This helped to stablish a new front in the ocident and pressure Germany who was already fighting against the orient front. -
Period: to
Chinese Civil War
Civil war starts with slim chances of CCP victory, since they were out-numbered, Stalin was helping the GMD and GMD had the control of roads and trains. In 1948, there is a change in war, thanks to the USSR soldiers who gave weapons to the CCP, their use of guerrilla, some wrong decisions of Jiang Jieshi, popular support, and the USA withdraw. CCP wins and Mao Zedong proclaims the People's Republic of China with him as Chairman -
Yalta Conference
Conference between the winners of the SWW to determine the new division of European teritory. Permited USSR to incorporate eastern Europe -
Roosevelt's Death
The vice, Truman, assumed. To receive USA popular support and avoid having to depend on the soviets, alwell as militar reasons, he was the one who decided to use nuclear bombs on Japan. -
San Francisco Conference
Creation of ONU as a substitute to the League of Nations -
Potsdam Conference
Reorganized German territory and Berlin in 4 occupational zones. It was also accorded that the Nazi should go through the Nürnberg Tribunal. Finally, it was decided that a 2o billion dollar indenization should be paid to the allies. -
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
USA sent nuclear bombs to this two Japanese cities. They were completely destroied and a lot of people died. Japan surrendered 10 days after. -
End of SWW
Hitler commited suicide in the beginning of 1945, causing Germany to surrender by May. Italy had already been taken over by then. Japan only surrendered 10 days after the bombarding of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
Establishment of People's Republic of China
Marking a victory to the comunists, the People's Republic of China is established with Mao Zodong as self-proclaimed Chairman -
Period: to
New Democracy
Moderate beginning of Mao's rule over China. It divided China in region with 4 leaders each (2 being members of CCP) and have Mao as chairman. This period still had party freedom and was described as "democratic centralism". -
Marriage Reform Law
Concubinage was abolished, arrenged marriages ended, paying of downries was forbidden, and divorse was permited. This favoured many women in China -
Period: to
Reunification campaigns
Part of Mao's legal means when assuming power by attacking certain regions of China that presented a threat to his power by using alternative explanations. Tibet, XinJiang, and Guandong were the main regions controled. -
Period: to
Korean War
Northern leader attacked South, that received help from the USA. Mao entered the war in 1951, when the war rose too close to China. The war ended in a tie, back on the original frontier. With that, Mao wins international prestigee but lost a lot of money and soldiers. He used the accusation of germ war as propaganda to make China cleaner and becomes declared enemies with USA. -
Period: to
Antis-movements
Movement to achieve popular support by fighting against targets such as waste, corruption, fraud, etc. -
Period: to
First Chinese Five-Year Plan
Economic help and advisors comming from USSR so that China could be industrialized with medium results. The rural exodus increases with the increase in the number of industries. -
Death of Stalin
Mao becomes the greatest world wide reference as a comunist leader -
New Constitution of China
After the increase of CCP members since the stablishment of the New Democracy, Mao could finally pass a constitution that created a single party state and favoured his dictatorship. -
Bandung Conference
Conference between 29 Asian and African countries that wanted independency from Cold War. Strengthened Mao as an international leader and stablished him as the leader of the third world countries. -
Reform of Mandarin
Creation of Pinyin with symbols representing sounds which favoured the education and raising the literacy from 20% to 70% in 20 years. However, the rest of the education system was terribly impacted by the Cultural Revolution -
Krushchev assumes USSR
Does a speech against Stalin and begins the destalinization, denouncing all the bad things he did. Mao becomes paranoid that this will also happen to him -
Period: to
100 Flowers Campaign
During this period, Mao allows critics to his government. Afterwards, he sent everyone who criticized to reeducation camps. -
Period: to
Sino-soviet Rift
Started after Khruchshev's speech of destalinization, since Mao used the same methods. Ended with economical support of USSR on China, causing Mao to fear of economic isolation. This makes China aproach France and search for militar autonomy with hydrogen bomb. Causes the weakening of economy but stregthening of Mao as alternativ socialist leader. -
Period: to
The Great Famine
Collectivization caused hunger. A great rural exodus occured then, decreasing the number of workers and increasing the hunger. To avoid this, the household registration system was expanded to rural areas. 45 million died of hunger in this period, causing problems in the government, which were solved by removing Mao and stablishing Lui Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping in power. -
Period: to
Second Chinese Five-Year Plan
Had the goal to be a "Great Leap Forward" and turn China into a modern industrial power. This ruptured with the original Maoism, because of the need of urban workers. Didn't work because of the bad quality of products and lack of qualified workers. It worsened the Great Famine -
Little Red Book
Written by Lin Biao, this book contains quotes of Mao and was a mandatory read in China. This is very important to his propaganda -
Period: to
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
A play interpreted as a critic to Mao was the spark to show divergencies in the CCP. Moderated politics who defended the revision of Maoism were in power and were doing well to solve the Great Famine. Threatened by that, Mao accused them of being capitalists and removed them from government, To reestablish himself, he put power in the hand of the youngs and positioned as against science and "four olds". This increased the cult to his personality and returned the hunger. Ended with Mao's death -
PRC recognized by UN
Receiving the chair that was previously occupied by capitalist China marked importance to Chinese foreign policy, specially when they received a permanent chair in the UNSC -
Mao's death
Mao died and with that everything that he did came out in a demaoisation campaign.