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1500
First Occupants
The First Occupants had no official power, but they did have different societies. The Iroquois's society was Matriarchy, meaning that everything including decisions, leadership, and possessions were passed down or the responsibility of the mothers.
With the Algonquins it was the opposite the society was Patriarchy, the men controlled the society and was their respectability for everything that happened. -
Period: 1500 to
Official Power and countervailing
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The power of the clergy
The clergy or Church was everything, the Church had a lot of power. Priests were in charge of parishes. They were also in charge of missionaries, which were converting Amerindians into Catholicism. Nuns were in charge of hospitals and education. They basically ran everyone's life and the bishop even had a seat at the sovereign counsel. -
Royal government
When France colonized new France for the first time they had a company of 100 associates to populate the colony. Although they were destroying the colony. The king of France got rid of monopoly and established the royal government in 1663. He placed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his minister of marines to update him on his colonies. -
Sovereign Council.
The sovereign council is a council of three people that basically run New France. The council was ordered by the king. The person of highest power with a veto option was the governor. He was the commander of the army and dealt with external conflicts. There was also the intendant he was the one running the show on the colony. He controlled the money, seigniorial system and was chief administrator. Finally the third person was the bishop, who ran the religion hospitals and education. -
Great peace of Montreal
Grand settlement of 1701 or Great peace of Montreal was indeed a peace treaty signed in 1701. It was s treaty between New France and 40 First Nation groups. This treaty was signed by at the time governor Louis-Hectare de Calliere, 1300 representatives and 40 aboriginal groups. This treaty lasted 16 of peaceful trade and interaction before war started up again. -
Relations between Amerindians and colonials
The British and the French allied with certain groups for benefits in protecting economic trade interest. The french allied with the Algonquins and the Hurons which were almost wiped clean. The British allied with the Iroquois and fought against the French. Both sides allied with a side for fur trade interest. This fight lasted a long time until 1703 when the British won. -
Coureurs du bois
Once the British and Iroquois won against the French. The French were forced into the forests and go deeper to collect furs. This is when coureurs du bois were formed, they are french settlers that traveled deep into the forests and for the most part lived with the Amerindians throughout the year and also traded with them. -
Life in New France
People in New France had happy lives, but they worked very hard. They were very self sufficient in growing their own food and making their own clothes. This was because the colony was not developing. In New France you were either very rich which was rare or very poor which was common. People in New France became very different from France. Canadians were french and Amerindian cultured. This was because of the lack of influence France had on them. They were very distanced from France -
Commence of Bitish rule
When the British won the war of conquest in Quebec, they let the french wait out the winter and later on mad them sign a document, which was the Articles of Capitulation. This document stated the militia could return to France, but would have to leave property behind. Regular Militia had to leave their arms and leave, same with the bishop, but the people could practice R.C religion. Finally the people who lived there became British subjects. -
Royal Proclamination
When the war in Europe ended, the Royal Proclamation started. What this did was it gave the colony a name called the province of Quebec. It decrease the borders to st Lawrence river, eligibility to put in a civilian government with a governor and a executive council in which he could select members to be a part of. French laws were outdated and new English civil and criminal laws were applied. This would also give the British a chance to assimilate the french. -
Treaty of Paris
Many of the wealthy french left and went back to France at the same time many wealthy English came to take the opportunity to get rich. The fate of the colony was undecided until the war in Europe ended. Once it did and the Treaty of Paris in 1763 all the known territory in New France was given to the King, except two small islands, now the King wants to assimilate the French that stayed and turn them English. -
James Murray
James Murray was the first governor appointed in the new province of Quebec. Although he was British he knew that the royal proclamation would no work, because the English population was only 1%. So to make everyone happy he decided not to attend meetings with the councils, but he bent rules so he could support the roman catholic french people. The English got upset so they asked the king to get rid of James Murray and that is what happened and he went back to Europe. -
Guy Carleton
After James Murray was sent back home. The King assigned a new Governor named Guy Carleton. He just like James Murray saws the flaws in Royal Proclamation and decided to go with what James Murray did. He also wanted to treat the french with much respect, because he feared the Americans would create and attack the British colony and the french would ally with them. So to ensure the french would fight with the British he wanted to make them happy. -
Quebec act
To make the French happy, the Quebec act was passed. This act included laws favoring the french including, enlargement of the Quebec area, denial of an elected assembly, french civil laws, and they brought back seigniorial system etc... These laws made the Americans very upset, they didn't get an expansion in Ohio valley, Americans were trading with the french and they were also taxed more. Therefore the Americans had their war of independence and they ended up winning. -
Effects of the Loyalists.
After the independence war, many loyalists left the Americans and moved to Quebec. 36000 loyalists settled in the maritime while 6000 settled in Quebec. The English population increased from 1% to 10%. These loyalists complained about how the colony was french, so they wanted the English ways back like townships, English civil laws, and elected assemblies and they actually won. -
The Constitutional act
When the loyalists got their wish, The Constitutional act was passed, this separated the the two Canada's into upper which was English and lower Canada which was french. Upper Canada had 20,000 people and Lower Canada had 160,000 people. Each Canada would be able to keep their own laws and religion. Lower Canada could be catholic and have civil laws and Upper Canada could keep townships and English civil laws and could be protestant. -
Representative government
When Canada split into two, they each had their own representative government. In Canada the highest position is the governor who has veto power. He appoints his right hand men called the executive council and also appointed the legislative council who approves or rejects laws. The Legislative assembly is elected by the population and are the one who make laws. Although the whole thing is rigged because each legislative groups have different interest so no laws are passed for the population. -
Patriotes and Rebellions
Many Rebellions moved to lower Canada and upper Canada. There was more that moved to upper and now their population is greater.There was uncommon and growing discontent in lower Canada. British party and parti Canadien had different interest and wants. Many of these patriots wanted a rebellion. They sent 92 resolutions to the King only to have them all rejected. They got mad and started a war, with the British. The British won the war and publicly hung 12 in Montreal and sent 58 to Australia. -
Act of Union
Act of Union was to make sure the rebellion doesn't happen again. A man named Lord Durham tried to make this happen. He wanted to get more English to assimilate the French. Both Canada's should be reunited, eliminate veto power and these were at first rejected by the British parliament, but later accepted and was called the act of union. There is now Canada east and Canada West. Both sides had 42 people in the assembly, and equal debt pay. Although veto power was eliminated. -
Responsible government
The British parliament appoints a governor who appoints his legislative council, they wouldn't really intervene with politics and kind of let it play out. The People elected people into the legislative assembly and and the leader of the most votes of their party would become prime minister and he would select people to executive council. These two made and rejected the laws. Although there was veto power in 1848 lord Elgin would be the first not to use and let politics run itself -
Influence of Church
The became more and more powerful and the cures eventually became the most important person in the parish. At the point the church was still in charge of registering births, marriage and, deaths. Roman catholic attendance was very high and many people were following it. Protestants were divided, this was because a King wanted to be able to divorce his wife, so he created his own less strict religion. -
The creation of Canada
Even though there was responsible government, nothing was done. So the political leaders met in Charlottetown to discuss the reunion. Everyone attended except Newfoundland. After the agreement they met in Quebec. They agreed on a federal system with with the amount of representatives depending on the population of a place. In 1867 they had an arrangement with the British Empire to establish the independence and release of Canada, they signed the agreement and the Dominion of Canada started. -
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice was a role of state for Quebec. He wanted Quebec to keep its traditional ways. He respected the basic life and the Morales and values of the rural life. He also loved the Church where he wanted them to control all aspects of religion, education and hospitals, in which he built a lot of. These things were good for Quebec, but he also did a lot of bad things meaning he held Quebec back. While the rest of the world was starting up technology he had people on the farms. -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet revolution happened in the 1960's. This time period basically undid everything that Duplessis did. They separated the church from the state and had schools and hospitals run by government. They also tried putting themselves of the map, they had expo 67. They increased sectors in terms of hydro electricity becoming government owned., they built a metro; a train system. They also expanded the world of technology and pushed for students to go to university. -
Power relations between linguistic groups and the state.
During the Province of Quebec, the English had all the power. The English were in charge, they hired English workers and paid the English higher salaries. Therefore the French got upset about the inequality and revolted. The French wanted to separate Quebec from Canada and they would feel proud and accomplished if they did. They founded a terrorist group called the F.L.Q in order to separate by using force and violence. The 1960's is where this entire uproar and terrorist attacks started. -
Union Movement
Workers didn't feel like they the respect and rights to their jobs, so they revolted. Many workers from different factories went on strike. They created Unions and demanded for certain things. First time strikes were partially legal was 1872. There were american unions in 1880. There were union demands for education, health, better salary, minimum working of children, and better conditions. Finally in 1944 the right to strike was legalized, and 1972 strike of united front. -
Quebec Nationalism continues.
The October crisis in 1970 was huge when the F.LQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre LaPorte. They were later found dead. Language issues were very big at the time and eventually because of this uproar, bill 22 declared that the official language of Quebec would be French. Bill 101 stated the official language as French, but only kids with English speaking parents who were educated in Quebec be capable in attending English schools. -
Oka Crisis
This all started when someone wanted to build a golf course of native land. The Government did nothing about and the golf course was built. This got the natives angry and so they blocked reserves and roads towards Oka. The military was forced to come in and handle with the natives. There was a standoff for 78 days without conflict. Although still issues. The Charlottetown accord was created to protect and satisfy the natives. -
Attempts to separate.
Although many laws were passed there were still cultural and language difficulties in Quebec so people wanted to separate. PQ leader Rene Levesque tried in 1980 to separate, but 60% voted to against him. Since then Pierre Trudeau tried to satisfy the province with 3 different acts, but all were rejected by the province of Quebec. In 1995 they tried Jacques Parizeau tried to separate again, and the results were very close 50.6% voted against him.
