Malaria

By annguyen99
  • 340 BCE

    Qinghao Plant (Artemisia annua)

    Antifever properties described by Ge Hong of the East Yin Dynasty.

  • Quinine

    Bark found in the arrival of the South America's to have healing properties for malaria. Still used in antimalarial drugs today.

  • Discovery of Malaria Parasite

    Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran noticed parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria.

  • Differentiation of Species of Malaria

    Camilo Golgi found that there were at least 2 forms of malaria: one with tertian periodicity and one with quartan periodicity.

  • Discovery that Mosquitos Transmit Malaria Parasites

    Ronald Ross demonstrated that malaria parasites could be transmitted from patient to mosquito, and then mosquito to bird. Thus solving the problem of malaria transmission.

  • Discovery of the Transmission of the Human Malaria Parasites (Plasmodium)

    Team of Italian investigators collected mosquitos and fed them on infected malarial patients. Mosquitos infected were fed on two volunteers, who both developed malaria.

  • Panama Canal

    William Crawford Gorgas, Joseph Augustin LePrince, and Samuel Taylor Darling, control yellow fever and malaria through program of insect and malaria control.

  • U.S. Public Health Service and Malaria

    USPHS established malaria control activities in affected areas of southern U.S. to allow soldiers to train all year round.

  • U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority - Integration of Malaria Control with Economic Development

    Organised and effective malaria control program to control waterways and improve the land. Disease was essentially eliminated. Mosquito breeding sites were reduced by controlling water levels and insecticide applications.

  • Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)

    Synthesises in 1874 by Othmer Zeidler for his thesis. It was discovered that it had insecticidal properties in 1939 by Paul Muller. Was used for malarial control at the end of WWII and had proven effective against malaria-carrying mosquitos.

  • Malarial Control in War Areas (MCWA)

    MCWA was established to control malaria around military bases. They strived to prevent reintroduction of malaria into the civilian population. They trained state and local health departments on malaria control techniques and strategies.

  • Chloroquine (Resochin)

    Initially discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersaf at Bayer I.G. Chloroquine was recognised as an effective malarial drug in 1946 by Allied scientists.

  • CDC and Malaria

    Early work by CDC concentrated on the control and elimination of malaria in the United States. With elimination in 1947 they have focused on prevention, surveillance and technical support domestically and internationally.

  • Elimination of Malaria in the United States

    By 1951 malaria was considered eliminated from the United States. This came as a result of the National Malaria Eradication Program that began on July 1, 1947. By 1950 only 2000 cases of malaria were reported.

  • Worldwide Eradication Efforts

    World Health Organisation (WHO) proposed at the world health assembly in 1955 for the eradication of malaria worldwide. There was a success in temperate climates and places with seasonal malaria transmission. Some countries, such as Indonesia, Haiti and Afghanistan had mild success. While others were excluded completely from the program (most of sub-Saharan Africa). Campaign was abandoned in 1978.

  • Chloroquine Resistance

    First documented case of resistance to Chloroquine.

  • Europe Malaria Free

    The disease is eradicated in Europe, where the disease had been endemic in southern countries like Italy, Greece, and Portugal.

  • Parasite Culture

    Wiliam Trager and JB Jensen grow parasite cultures opening avenues for drug discovery and vaccine research.

  • Mosquirix

    Scientists at GlaxoSmithKline create Mosquirix malaria vaccine candidate.

  • Mefloquine hydrochloride

    The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the use of anti-malaria drug Mefloquine hydrochloride.

  • Re-emergence of Malaria

    Re-emerges in Europe's Caucasus region, Central Asian, Russian Federation and Turkey due to population movement and lowered prevention measures.

  • Clinical Trials

    Vaccine RTS,S, developed by GlaxoSmithKline and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research goes under clinical trials.

  • Bednets

    Insecticide treated bednets reduce childhood mortality by 20% in a multi-country African study.

  • Home Management Strategy

    WHO trains community volunteers to provide antimalarials in remote African communities.

  • Roll Back Malaria Partnership (RBM)

    Partnership launched by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP and World Bank with goal of halving malaria incidence and mortality by 2010.

  • Millenium Development Goals

    U.N. General Assembly sets target to stop and reverse malaria incidence by 2015.

  • Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)

    WHO prequalifies first fixed dose of ACT and recommends ACT as first-line malaria treatment.

  • The Global Fund

    The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is establishes and led by USCF's Sir Richard Feachem.

  • Genome Sequenced

    Sequencing of Anopheles Gambiae (mosquito) and Plasmodium falciparum (parasite) completed.

  • U.S. President's Malaria Initiative

    President George W. Bush sets up U.S. President's Malaria Initiative with aim of halving malaria related death in 15 African countries.

  • Mosquirix Phase 2

    Phase 2 of Mosquirix shows partial protection against malaria in Mozambique.

  • UCSF Study

    Study shows combination malaria therapy effective in treating African children.

  • First High-Level Strategy

    The Global Health Group at UCSF proposes strategy for eventual malaria eradication. Strategy is widely adopted.

  • Artesunate

    Rectal application of the inexpensive antimalarial drug proves effective in severe cases of malaria.

  • Mosquirix Phase 3

    Phase 3 trials begin. It is Africa's largest malarial vaccine to date.

  • Mosquirix Results

    Trial date shows Mosquirix haves number of malaria episodes by half in children aged 17 months to 5 year in Africa.

  • New Englan Journal of Medicine

    Study finds widespread resistance to artemisinin, world's most effective antimalarial drug, in Southeast Asia.

  • Mosquirix Green Light

    European Union recommend it to be licensed for use.

  • Millenium Development Goal Reached

    World meets goal to reverse and halt incidence of malaria. They set Sustainable Development Goals to end epidemic levels of malaria by 2030.

  • Mosquirix Vaccine Pilot

    WHO invites African countries to take part in vaccine pilot involving up to 800,000 children ages five to nine months.