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Brown v Board of Education
Brown v Board of Education ruled that segregating classrooms based on race violated the Equal Protection law under the 14th amendment. Segregated schools were not and could not be considered equal. This case set the precedent for inclusive education allowing the right to a public education for all. -
National Defense Education Act
The National Defense Act of 1958 was an initiative to fund the growth of science and technology education in response the Russian's Sputnik launch in 1957 and the "space race". This act was important in the history of inclusion because it permitted funding of gifted and talented education programs. -
Training of Teachers of the Deaf
The Training of Teachers of the Deaf (Public Law 87-276) authorized funding to specially train teachers for the deaf. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was signed by Lyndon Johnson as part of the "War on Poverty". It was an expansive funding bill that addressed equal access to education for all. This act began Title 1 funding that was used to meet the needs of schools with a large amount of low-income students who were educationally deprived including preschoolers. -
Hobson v Hansen
Hobson v Hansen ruled that schools could not use culturally biased IQ tests to assign students into tracking groups. In this case, it was argued that the standardized tests used to place students into tracks were biased towards poor, black students and these students were subsequently placed into lower tracks which werer hard to switch out of. The placemement into lower tracks ultimately denied these students equal educational opportunities. -
Mills v Board of Education
In Mills v Board of Education, seven families fought for the rights of their students with differing disabilties to be able to attend public school despite the financial implications on the schools. The court ruled that it wsa a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment to discriminate against students based on disability. This court case as well as PARC v Pennsylvania would be the basis for a free and approriate education (FAPE) for all students. -
PARC v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) and thirteen families sued the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for excluding their children from publc education. The result is that under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause all students with disabilites have right to publicy funded education and benefit from an education. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973-Section 504
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act states that any program that receives federal financial assistance must make accommodations for those with disabilities including education and employment. No one may be excluded or denied benefits from federally funded programs. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142) instructs for all students with disabilities a free and appropriate education (FAPE), the right of due process, a least restrictive environment (LRE), and an individualized education program (IEP). Financial constraints cannot be an excuse to not give each student an appropriate education. -
Larry P. v Riles
This case was first brought forth in 1972. The plaintiffs were a class of black students who were wrongly placed in special education classes after poorly performing on a culturally biased IQ test. The court ruled that a an IQ test could not be the only assessment used to place students in special education classes. Educators should instead use multidisciplinary assessments before placing students in special education. -
Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments
Public Law 99-457 also known as the "Preschool Law" was the reauthorization of the 1975 Education of the Handicapped Act. The amendments expanded services to preschool students from three to five and Individualized Family Servie Plans (IFSP) to meet the needs of individual families. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination from employment and services for people with disabilites. The law requires employers and services to provide reasonable accommodations and accessibility. -
Individuals with Disabilities Act Reauthorization
Public Law 101-476 was the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). These amendments expanded services to traumatic brain injuries and autism. It also added Individualized Transition Service Plans (ITSP) to students starting at the age of 16. -
Individuals with Disabilites Act Reauthorization
Public Law 105-17 was the reauthorization of the Individualized with Disabilities Act. The amendments changed the timing of the Individualized Transition Service Plan to start at the age of 14. It also added Functional Behavior Assessments and positive behavior support. -
Individuals with Disabilites Act Reauthorization
In 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Act was reauthozied to include parental consent in the Individualized Education Plans and Response to Intervention (RTI) that requires highly qualifked teachers.
