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Brown v. Board of Education - Topeka, Kansas
Brown v. Board of Education ended "separate but equal" schools for students. Educational Segregation consisted of students being segregated by race and was deemed unconstitutional and contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment. This legal case was a precedent for arguing that children with disabilities cannot be excluded from a public education. -
PARC (Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
A case where the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children sued the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for denying education to students with disabilities. The lawsuit passed a law providing education and training to all children between the ages of six and twenty-one years of age, to the level given to peers. The Commonwealth could no longer deny any child with disabilities access to education or training programs. -
Public Law 93-112 Section 504 of the key Rehabilitaiton Act of 1973
The civil rights law states that individuals may not be excluded from participating in programs or activities that receive federal funding solely based on their disability. This was the first public law to protect individuals from discrimination due to a disability. It states that individuals are eligible for services if they have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more life activities, have a record of such impairment or are regarded as having impairment by others. -
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Education for All Handicap Children Act
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Public Law 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
PL 94-142 requires public agencies to provide early intervention, special education and other related services to children with disabilities from birth to age 21. PL 94-142 assures that all handicap children have a free appropriate education to meet their needs, that handicap children and parents are protected, assists States and localities to provide education, and assesses and assures the effectiveness to educate. Six major components and guarantees are incorporated into these four purposes. -
Public Law 99-457 Education of the Handicap Act Amendments of 1986
Public Law 99-457 made changes to Public Law 94-142. The amendment gave more and better services to young children with special needs and their families. This law demanded that children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 5 receive free and appropriate public education. PL 99-457 created the Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Program aimed at children from birth through age 2 with developmental delays or disabilities. -
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IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Changes
EHA is renamed to IDEA -
Public Law 101-476 Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1990
This was the renaming of PL 94-142 to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This new phrase signifies a change in attitude and realization that a disability is only one aspect of an individual and that person-first point of view is more appropriate. Congress recognized the importance of preparing students for life after school, implementing individualized transition plans to be part of a child's IEP. Expansion of services included adding social work and rehabilitation counseling. -
Public Law 105-17 IDEA Amendments of 1997
This law restructured IDEA into four parts, revised definitions, and revamped key components. Under the restructure, students who are suspended still are entitled to free and appropriate public education. IEP's are to state how the student will be involved and progress in the general education curriculum. Other changes include mediation services, category of development for children ages 3 to 9, and initial evaluations and reevaluations. -
Public Law 107-110 No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
This was President Bush's commitment to educational reform signed on January 8, 2002. NCLB states that all students including those in Special Education must demonstrate proficiency in math, reading and science with annual testing between 3rd and 8th grade. Because this law is for all pupil's achievement, the benefit is that results translate into instructional accommodations aligning special education and general education to service all learners. -
Public Law 108-446 IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
Legislation reauthorized the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Issues addressed were:
1. Individualized Education Program (IEP) process
2. Removal of discrepancy provisions to identify students with specific learning disabilities
3. Who is deemed as a highly qualified special education teacher coincides with NCLB of 2001
4. IDEA 2004 modifies discipline procedures
5. Procedures in due process now require a resolution session
6. Evaluation of student and assessment participation. -
Public Law 110-325 Americans with Disabilities Act Ammendments of 2008
This law is commonly called ADAA which expands on the definition of "major life activities". This expansion provides two non-inclusive lists, the first includes life activities such as reading, concentrating, thinking. The second list includes body functions such as immune system or neurological functioning. Interpretation of “substantial limitation” must be made without considering the effects of mitigating measures like medication or medical equipment.
