-
Jan 1, 1250
1200s ish
roger bacon used a convex lens as a magnifying glass around this time -
Jan 1, 1485
1485
leonardo da vinci used glass lenses to study small objects -
1600 ish
hans and zacharias janssen make the first compound microscope with two lenses inside a tube. these had issues with colour distortion known as spherical aberration -
1665
robert hooke further developed the compound microscope -
1672
marcello malpighi said that all plants were made of chambers -
1672
nehemiah grew wrote an illustrated book on the microscopic anatomy of plants -
1676
anton van leeuwenhoek described unicellular organisms called 'animalcules' from looking at a drop of stagnant rainwater -
1683
leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria from observations of saliva -
1824
rene dutrochet said all animals and plants are made of cells -
1831
robert brown saw that orchid cells had a structure in them which he called the nucleus -
1839
matthias schleiden and theodor schwann theorised that all living matter consists of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of living organisms -
19th century some time
johannes purkinje used the word protoplasm for the contents of a cell -
1858
rudolf virchow said "where a cell exists there must have been a pre-existing cell, just as animal arises only from animal and the plant only from a plant" -
1877
carl zeiss and ernst abbe made the firsst oil immersion microscopes, which could magnify images over 1000x -
1880
walther fleming described mitosis from observations on living and stained cells -
1880
august weismann said that all the cells living today can trace their ancestry back to ancient times -
1933
ernst ruska made the first electron microscope. details of internal cell structures were revealed -
1938
fritz zernicke made the phase contact microscope that enabled sustained living cells to be viewed more clearly -
1930s-1950s
x-ray crystallography used hard x-rays to produce diffraction images of crystallised biological molecules including proteins. an image of crystalline dna helped watson and crick reveal the structure of dna in 1953 -
1948
paul kirkpatrick and albert baez built the first x-ray microscope to use soft x-rays allowing non crystalline structures to be viewed -
1950
first synchroton became operational in the usa -
1955
marvin minsky made the first cofocal microscope which was laser based and produced tree dimensional images -
1959
first synchroton operational in europe -
1990
winfried denk made the first two photon fluorescence microscope -
2015-2020 so, like, now i guess
international linear collider will be the largest synchroton ever built