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Independence of the US
During the American War of independence, the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 by representatives of the 13 colonies. They declared themselves a republic called the United States of America. The war ended in 1783 when Britain accepted independence and signed the "Treaty of Versailles". -
French Revolution
France was going through a major crisis, which made people want political and social change. The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille, and 1793 is when the Reign of Terror began. In 1795 a new regime, the Directory, seized power in France. The Revolution ended in 1799 with Napoleon's coup d'état abolishing the Directory. -
Napoleon empire
In 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France. Based on the principles of the French Revolution, he reformed his society. He put an end to the institutions of the Ancien Régime with the passage of the French Civil Code. His conquests created an empire that made him master of most of Europe by 1810. He was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and in 1814 exiled to the island of Elba, but escaped and ruled France until the Battle of Waterloo in which he was defeated in 1815. -
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The war of Independence
This war was between Spain and Napoleon's government, which wanted to dethrone Spain. In the end Spain won. -
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Ferdinand VII
He was the king of Spain when Napoleon's invasion occurred and abdicated to be replaced by Napoleon's brother. -
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Spanish-American Independence
Different wars happened in South America, that led to independence from Spain in many countries. -
Constitution of Cádiz
It was the first constitution in Spain. -
Congress of Vienna
After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the objetive of the Congress of Vienna was to reestablish the borders of Europe and reorganize the political ideologies of the Ancien Regime. The intention of this was to return Europe to the situation before to the French Revolution. -
1820 revolution
In Spain, Riego's pronouncement led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy. The revolution spread to Portugal, Naples, and Greece. But the revolution in Greece was the only one that succeeded, and it ended in Greek independence. -
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The Liberal Triennium
Introduced reformist policies against the church. And reactionary movements formed against the liberals. -
Monroe Doctrine
The United States would act to prevent any European intervention in the Western Hemisphere. -
1830 revolution
In France, King Charles X suspended freedom of the press and limited voting. Louise Philippe d'Orléans becomes king after agreeing to abide by the Charter of 1814.
A liberal and nationalist revolution in Belgium led to independence. -
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Isabel II
The reign of Isabella II marked the end of absolutism in Spain and established a constitutional monarchy. -
The Opium Wars
The main conflict involved the United Kingdom and China. In this war, Hong Kong was handed over to the United Kingdom for 150 years and China had to grant extensive trade privileges to the European powers. -
1848 revolution
In France, King Louis-Philippe abdicated after an uprising. The Second French Republic was formed.
The revolution against absolutism provoked a class struggle. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became president, later establishing the Second French Empire, Napoleon III.
In other parts of Europe revolutions also spread, but failed. -
American Civil War
It was a civil war in the United States between the Union (the North) and the Confederacy (the South). The cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be allowed to expand into the western territories or whether it would be prevented from doing so. -
Meiji Restoration
It was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan under Emperor Meiji. -
Italian unification
The unifications was influenced by the nationalist ideas of Mazzini and the Resorgimiento. In 1859 the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia annexed Lombardy. Other regions were also annexed. In 1860 Garibaldi conquered Naples, Sicily, and Venice which was annexed in 1866. Unification was completed with the occupation of Rome in 1870 and the integration of the Papal States. Rome became the capital of the new kingdom, a constitutional monarchy was established. Victor Emmanuel II became the first king. -
Bismarckian alliances
It was a system of international alliances formed by Otto von Bismarck after the Franco-Prussian War to isolate France and thus avoid its hypothetical revenge after the defeat of 1871. -
German unification
Creation of a common economic area (Zollverein) was a precursor to unification. Influenced by a conservative and imperialist nationalism. It was designed by Otto von Bismark. German unification began with the defeat of Denmark by Prussia in 1864 and the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein. In 1866 Prussia defeated Austria and established the German Confederation. In 1871 the Second Reich was established. In that year Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War and annexed Alsace-Lorraine -
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First Spanish Republic
It was proclaimed by the Cortes after the abdication of Amadeo I. Politics was not stable, the third Carlist war and the lack of agreement between republicans. Many presidents. And the military uprising of General Martínez Campos in 1874 proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain. And the end of the republic -
The Bourbon Restoration
It happened at the end of the First Spanish Republic, with the uprising of General Arsenio Martínez Campos and the end of the republic, the Bourbon family returned to the throne. -
Alfonso XII
He was the son of Isabel II. With the beginning of his reign the First Spanish Republic ended and the period known as the Restoration began. -
Boer War
These were two armed conflicts that took place in South Africa between the British Empire and settlers of Dutch origin. -
Berlin Conference
The United Kingdom wanted to expand its colonies on the African continent from north to south and France wanted to do it from east to west. In the Berlin Conference an attempt to ease the tensions and divide the colonies in Africa was made. -
Alfonso XIII
When he was born he was already king because his father, who was Alfonso XII, died. His mother, Maria Cristina of Habsburg, regent because Alfonso XIII was too young to reign. His reign ended with the proclamation of the second Spanish republic in 1931 -
Fashoda Incident
It was when France and the United Kingdom wanted to connect their respective African colonies. France from east to west and the UK from north to south. -
Bloody Sunday
It was the series of events on Sunday, 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father Georgy Gapon, were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia -
Moroccan Crisis
It involved Germany’s pledge to support Morocco against France’s growing control of the region. This angered France, the United Kingdom, and Spain -
Balkan Wars
There were two wars that occurred in southeastern Europe from 1912 to 1913. First, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. In the second, Bulgaria with its former allies. -
First World War
It was a military conflict which occurred between 1914 and 1918. This conflict began between the European powers, but when the colonies and the US became involved, it spread to the rest of the continents. -
February revolution
In the Russian Empire, it marked the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It caused the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and put an end to the Russian monarchy. This revolution was caused by the refusal to grant liberalizing political reforms and by Russia's involvement in World War I, which had inflicted great horrors on the population. -
October revolution
It was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Was a peace treaty between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Soviet Russia. When Russia signed it, it withdrew from the war. -
Treaty of Versailles
It was a peace treaty that was signed at the end of the First World War, on June 28 1919. This treaty ended what would be the last war and sought to limit future threats from Germany. -
League of Nations
It was an international organization created by the Treaty of Versailles. It set out to lay the groundwork for peace and the reorganization of international relations after First World War. It was the first organization of its kind in history. -
Primo de Rivera dictatorship
In 1923, General Primo de Rivera led a coup d'état against Spain's parliamentary government. The Constitution and parliamentary government were suspended. He also promoted an interventionist and protectionist economic policy, favouring the industrial and agricultural sectors. In the foreign policy, he achieved the pacification of Morocco after the landing at Alhucemas. -
Wall Street Crash
It was a big drop in the U.S. stock market. It started in September, when stock prices on the New York Stock Exchange plummeted. This caused a Great Depression and several companies went bankrupt. -
1931 Constitution
In June 1931, against a backdrop of greater social order, the election to choose a constituent assembly took place.
The majority of seats were won by a coalition of left-wing Republicans. The first measure was to draft a new
constitution for Spain. -
Spanish Second Republic
A provisional government was formed, led by Niceto Alcalá Zamora, but the new republic didn’t end tensions in thecountry. was the government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. -
Asturias miner's strike
Was a major strike action undertaken by miners in Asturias against the new CEDA led government. The strike and subsequent demonstrations eventually developed into a violent revolutionary uprising in an attempt to overthrow the conservative regime. -
Spanish Civil War
It was a conflict that lasted from 1936 to 1939, between republicans and nationalists. The coup d'état led by Generals Sanjuro, Mola and Franco became the civil war between these two sides. -
Second World War
It was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the conflict in which the most people died in history. -
Operation Barbarossa
It was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies.It was the largest ground offensive in human history, involving some 10 million fighters. -
Attack on Pearl Harbour
The Pearl Harbor attack was a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese. -
United Nations
Is an international organisation which was formed in 1945, in San Francisco, after the end of World War Two with the aim of maintaining international peace. It now includes 193 countries that are full members, and two non-member states. -
Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The U.S. detonated two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people. Days later, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender on September 2, ending the war. -
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. The Declaration consists of 30 articles detailing an individual's "basic rights and fundamental freedoms".