-
Period: 12,600 BCE to
BEGINNINGS TO EXPLORATION
Exploration was the first door that opened to the "new world". It was an exploration revolving with a diverse of cultures and races for a greater opportunity. The exchange was the cause of new culture adaptations such as languages and religions. Also new technologies, new raw materials, slave trade, animals and most importantly diseases that affected a big amount of the population back then. The Exploration is the cause of our diverse and modern world that we have now in the day of today. -
500 BCE
Dark Ages
"The dark ages" was just another name we used for the "middle ages", they called it like that because as other empires were advancing, western Europe was declining . The middle ages was formed in the Western Europe during the 5th century. The main causes of the dark ages was the fall out of the roman empire and the extreme migration of Germans and tribes. Although history was taken up from this era it is believed that there is lost history that we don't know about. -
1096
The Crusades
The crusades was basically various religious wars to secure control of holy lands that were sacred by Muslims and Christians. The crusade was caused by Pope Urban II and the whole purpose for that was to regain control of the Jerusalem that was taken up by the Muslims. Muslims were trying to take over European territories and also christian territories in the middle east. In total there was four crusades and eventually the Muslims the won the control of the holy lands. -
1300
The Renaissance
People consider The Renaissance to be the "re-birth" after the "Dark". Modern technology came from this era, considering modern arts, sculptures, frame work, materials, furniture etc. Most of the art that was transmitted from this era came mostly from the Ancient Greece and Rome. Just as much as technology advanced, so did music, literature, philosophy, architecture and most importantly science. This era was the turning point of a more modern society, where things were discovered and made. -
1346
The black death
The black death was a plague that came to Europe from Eastern and Central Asia. It was carried through trade and transmitted through flies that were on rats that were on the ships. The flies would the touch the people and bite them, transmitting the disease. The disease caused people to have black sores all over their bodies. One third of the countryside population was abolished because of the black death. and economic advantage of it was that it started the system and demand for laborers. -
1492
The columbian exchange
The columbian exchange was the exchange of goods between the new world (America) and the old world (Europe). The idea of the Columbian exchange was to advance in wealth and spread ideas and goods that would benefit both worlds. What caused the spread of goods and ideas were the explorers who explored and migrated to the new world. The goods that they carried were goods such as raw goods, foods, plants animals and most importantly the spread of diseases and Christianity. -
Period: 1492 to
ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
The English colonial societies was a diverse cultural population throughout the new world, once England made a touch down in the united states and settled, populations expanded and made their own customs on surviving and growing. Each colony had their own life style or "way of living", it all differed depending on their culture and customs. Most importantly slaves played a big role in this era because that's what divided the colonies and marked the territory such as "the south" and the "north" -
Period: 1492 to
COLONIAL AMERICA TO 1763
"Colonial America" started in the late 1400's with the European nations wanting to gain wealth and expand their influences among the migration of the new world, in which caused their first settlement in what we call today, The United States Of America. Although their main reason to migrate was for wealth purposes they also considered migrating because of religious persecutions that were going on. Colonies spread throughout the new world, which included 13 colonies, all controlled by the British. -
1500
The reformation
The reformation was the change in religion and reform in Europe.The Europeans weren't happy with the catholic churches because they were too corrupt and demanding. So the reformation led to form new protestant churches, The Lutheran church- Martin Luther, The Calvinist church- John Calvin and The Anglican church- Henry VIII. All churches had different customs and worked differently, but all were against the catholic churches, they all intended to play a more "reasonable/ fair" role to religion. -
Jul 24, 1534
New France
New France was an established colony by the french and King Henry IV, it was established in the modern areas of Canada in a city named Quebec. They migrated in Quebec due to the river ways for trading ships and transportation. The first people to settle in the colony were retired soldiers, later then signing the peace treaty in 1667. During this era fur trading was a big economic advantage but only licensed men could trade fur (beavers). They also wanted to convert the natives into Catholicism -
Chesapeake colonies
The Chesapeake colonies were mainly considered to be Virginia and Maryland. Both colonies had different rulers, Mary land was ruled by King Charles and it was known for catholic haven. Meanwhile Virginia was dominated first by Sir William and was named after Queen Elizabeth I. The colonies ruled a head right system that would provide land to those who purchased their own passage there. They also depended a lot on tobacco, considering that was their main cash crop. They protected Christianity. -
Massachusetts bay colony
The colony was started by 1,000 Puritans that were approved by King Charles to sail to Massachusetts to start their own colony. The Puritans wanted to worship in their own way and when they sailed they brought skilled workers and supplies and goods that would benefit them. The colony's leader was John Winthrop and his purpose was to have the Puritans show people how god wanted them to live. The colony's government was legislature, in which made the colony's laws. -
The triangle trade
The triangle trade was a trade that involved Europe, Africa and the new world. Route one was to africa, goods were shipped to africa and africa would the ship slaves to the Indies, where then the indies would ship them to the new world. The second route was from Africa to the new world, Africa would ship slaves for labor work in the new world for raw goods. The third route was from The New world to Europe, the new world shipped goods to then convert them into manufactured goods. -
Navigation Acts
The navigation acts were laws that regulated trade between England and its colonies. The laws were that only ships could carry goods to ship throughout the colonies, colonies were supposed to ship certain goods due to the needs of england's process and distribution. The act was passed down by the English Parliament in the 1650's and its main purpose was to assure that the English benefited from the colonial trade. This caused limits on colonist profit and fewer jobs in the colonies. -
The proprietary colonies
The proprietary colonies was caused by the King, he'll give land to one or more people expecting a yearly payment from the people. The proprietors were allowed to split the land and rent it to others. They also made laws for the colonist but also considered respecting the colonist under the English laws. Proprietary colonies were Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania. And the people who elected their governor were white men. -
Charter Colonies
There were different colonies, there was charter colonies, proprietary colonies and royal colonies. The charter colonies were colonies established by the British government- Connecticut and Rhode island. While the proprietary colonies were colonies given away from Britain to an owner so the they be the ones in charge of it for a profit-Delaware, Pennsylvania, & Maryland . Finally the royal colonies were ruled directly by Britain and the parliament- Georgia, new York, Virginia, Carolina and more. -
Glorious Revolution
The glorious revolution was the the transfer of power from James II to Mary and William. It was called the bloodless revolution because it didn't include any bloodshed. One of the main changes this revolution caused was a greater step into democracy, putting limits on the power of monarchy and giving powers to the parliament in which then Mary and William were chosen to rule. The revolution eventually led to the "Bill of Rights", which according to Locke it'll protect the rights of the people. -
salem witch trials
The salem witch trials was caused by three sick girls that accused to be affected by "witchcraft". As the whole story started growing they'd blame more people on it. The salem witch trials did not only have to do with religion but also with land. That was because the people on the west with poor soil would accuse the people on the east side with good soil. At the end of the trial 20 people were executed. 20 years later the gov. appologizes and admits there was no prove of witchcraft. -
Steam power engine
The steam power engine was an invention made by James Watt. The whole cause of it was that steam could power machines, it was a path into bigger factories and mass production, the improvement of technology and productivity. And most importantly It caused people to be able to migrate and settle elsewhere other than being near the rivers. Yes steam engines caused a great impact, they also caused negative things like pollution and global warming. -
The enlightenment
The enlightenment was the desire to improve england in many aspects in order to improve their world. The enlightenment was known for producing the scientific revolution, the english revolution, the print revolution, and the protestant revolution. It was mainly runned by scientist and philosophers, and the Enlightenment thinkers believed that science and philosophy could improve people's lives. considering that Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientist in history that was involved in this. -
The great awakening
The great awakening was a religious movement that was spread throughout Europe, it was also a rapid growth of religions such as Methodist and Baptism. The whole cause of it was that the people felt as if the religion was falling off. The great awakening impacted the society by promoting equality, and stating the fact that everyone and anyone could be saved even blacks and women. An important person of this movement was George Whitefield, he was Puritan minister who preached "godly lives". -
Greek Revival
The Greek Revival was considered to be the architecture movement in the 18th and 19th century. It mainly impacted the northern europe parts and America.The Greek Revival was a spread of architecture in the new world, that already existed in the 5th century. The things that came from it were things such as furniture, interior designs, and art. Thankfully to them, we were influenced with their decor for homes that a great percentage of us use it in the day of today. -
The seven years war
The seven years war was a war known as "The French and Indian War", it was a fight between the French and the British. The Native americans sided with the french because they were unhappy with the way the British treated them and the cause of the French wanting to fight was because they both wanted to colonize the same land which was in the Ohio river valley. The type of warfare that was used during the war was the Guerilla warfare (hit and runs) which was the french and native americans. -
boston massacre
The Boston Massacre was caused by British soldiers in Boston opening fire on a group of American colonists killing five men. It begun with an argument between the british private Hugh White and a few colonist outside the custom house. Eventually the argument started to grow as more colonist gathered up and began to harass, throw sticks and snowballs at Private White. There was a total of 50 colonist which then cause to call over troops, the colonist dared them to shoot, which led to the 5 kills -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Dunmore's Proclamation was a document signed by John Murray, a Loyalist governor of the British colony of Virginia. The purpose of the document was to declare the freedom of slaves and martial law. The whole idea worked by Virginia's royal governor offering to free any slaves and indentured servants who would leave their patriot masters to join the British forces. They hoped to "abolish" the British army and disrupt the economy and about 1000 slaves accepted his offer. -
The Loyalist vs. The Patriots
The loyalist and the patriots were two groups of people in the country that differ and were against each other. The loyalist did not want war and supported Britain, they were rich landowners and supported the King because he'd give them land and jobs. While the Patriots wanted war and were against the king and the British because they weren't treated fairly and were taxed without any say, also they desired independence from Britain, most were farmers, lawyers and ship builders. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
The revolutionary war was the beginning to America's independence. it involved the British and the 13 colonies in the "new world". The 13 colonies were through with being controlled by the British and wanted their own independence (their own government too). The colonies trained militias to fight against the British troops, in which caused the fist two battles of the revolution (Lexington and concord) in which the potentially led to The Independence of The united States of America. -
Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was sent by second continental congress to King George III, requesting to settle their disagreements peacefully avoiding war. Although they wanted peace, King George disagrees and rejects the petition, claiming the colonies were in open rebellion and if they continued like that they'll be put to death as "traitors". The whole significance of it was that there was no "turning back" and they would eventually have to fight without losing, or else they'd be executed. -
Common Sense
The Common sense was a 46 page Pamphlet written by Thomas paine. The whole purpose of it was to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal Monarchy. Paine used this simply to speak out to the common people of America and was the first document to openly ask independence from the British. The document united the colonist before the Revolutionary war and also led to the Declaration of Independence later on. Another main point/ reason of it was to create a Democratic republic. -
The Declaration of independence
The Declaration of Independence was one of the most important documents of america, it declared independence from Britain to the new country that we call now The United States of America. It was written by Thomas Jefferson, which was asked from John Adams. It was written in Philadelphia, and published on July 4th 1776. It was the proclamation of new ideas, end of divine rights of kings & the end of colonial government. It also stated the rights of life, liberty & the pursuit of happiness. -
The articles of confederation
The articles of confederation was the nation's first constitution, it was ratified during The American Revolution. The document was adopted by the second continental congress. Unfortunately the document was limited and the reason to that was because congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade or control coinage and also because the states held most of the power. The document also created a loose alliance of the 13 independent states. The document also passed The Northwest Ordinance. -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris was was a treat that was signed and represented in Paris. The whole purpose of it was to gain independence from Britain, become its own country and its own government. The treaty also confirmed that any land of the US that was owned by a loyalist had to be returned to the US by the time Britain made peace with France and Spain. The treaty declared peace and happiness for the US and also settled agreements peacefully between the US and Britain. -
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor was a general in the united states, during the Mexican- American war and the 12th president of the United States as well. He was part of the Whig party, and was sent out under the command of president Polk to lead the American army against Mexico at The Rio Grande. He owned slaves and opposed succession, but did not oppose the treaty of CA entering as a free state. His presidency only lasted 16 months because he then died from cholera. -
shays rebellion
Shays Rebellion started in Massachusetts, 1787 and was caused by government of Massachusetts deciding to raise taxes instead of issuing paper money to pay off its debts.The taxes affected mostly on poor farmers in the western part of the state and as the recession grew worse, many found it impossible to pay their taxes as well as their mortgages and debts, causing about 1,200 farmers to rebel and also march down to the state supreme court. The rebellion leader was Daniel Shays. -
Period: to
THE CONSTITUTION
The constitution established the United States government and also the stability of the national government. The purposes of the constitution was to establish laws and natural rights of the unions citizens. The main cause of the constitution was the weak government the US contained, but the delegates had a plan to strengthen the gov. with three branches (each had a balance of powers). The constitution consisted amendments, which all equal to 27 by the end of the constitution. -
constitutional convention
The constitutional convention was led by shays rebellion and was a meeting of the delegates purposely aiming to revise the articles of confederation in which produced the new Us constitution.The constitutional convention showed the need for a stronger national government People at the convection were also considered as the "founding fathers". One of the founding fathers of the constitutional convention was James Madison in whom the wrote the Virginia plan that was caused by the convection. -
The Northwest ordinance
The Northwest ordinance helped organize the new territories and helped each territory to become a state. During this time slavery was allowed in the US constitution but the Northwest ordinance outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory.When 5,000 free adult men lived in the territory, they could elect a legislative body to become their own state and government to then make up their own laws. Arthur St. Clair was the first governor of the Northwest territory. -
Anti-Federalist papers
The anti-federalist papers were documents written by the Founding Fathers in whom were against and concerned about the US convection. The anti-federalist published a series of documents that were against the constitution. The reason to that was because Some thought it had gone too far, some thought the constitution gave too much power to the central government, and some thought it should include a bill of rights.The two main federalist were Robert Yates and George Clinton. -
Period: to
NEW REPUBLIC
The new republic was caused by the citizens wanting political stability and economic advantages. It was an major movement that involved major people like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The new republic caused many events considering the westward expansion of the Appalachians and the french revolution, sooner or later the elites formed two political parties which were the Republicans and the Federalist. Forming those two parties advanced the society to be politically stable. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
The American Industrial Revolution was the upgrade of "technology", manufacture places like factories and modern ways and urban ways. It begun in the North and was brought by Samuel Slater. The first industry to start this was the Textile/ cloth making factory. The benefits of The American Industrial Revolution was the rise of economic opportunity and an easier strategy for everything like traveling, manufacturing good and also communication. -
whiskey rebellion
The whiskey rebellion was a tax that was placed on whiskey by George washington. His reasoning on that was to pay off war debts. Farmers were really angry at this because they couldn't afford it so then they rebelled around The western frontier regions, especially western Pennsylvania. But Hamilton quickly makes the government stop the rebellion so it wouldn't look weak. Later on Washington proved that the Federal government can make people obey the law. -
the bank of the united states
The bank of the US was chartered by the US congress and proposed by Alexander Hamilton. The purpose of the bank was to handle the financial needs of the new central government. Hamilton was interested in this type of funding used by England to help build the economy and to create a standard form of currency, the bank was also chartered for 20 years in which James Madison wasn't so happy about. The first bank was located in Philadelphia. -
Bill of rights
The Bill of rights were the first ten amendments to the US constitution guaranteeing the people's natural rights. The amendments were
1. Freedom of speech
2. right to bear arms
3. the housing of soldiers
4. no search and seizures
5. No double jeopardy or no witness against yourself.
6.right to a speedy trial. Jury trial for a criminal case
7.right to a trial by jury.
8. no cruel and unusual punishment
9.rules of construction of constitution
10. state reserved powers -
acts of parliament
acts of parliament were laws that were established in all areas of UK. The acts of parliament consisted The Sugar Act(tax on sugar), Stamp Act(tax on newspaper), Quartering Act(colonial assemblies), Declaratory Act(england ruling colonies), Townshend Act(taxes on led paper etc), Tea Act(tax on tea) and Intolerable Acts. Taxes played a big role on most of these acts and the purpose for it was for profit reasons, in which led into many rebellions and protest from the colonist/ citizens. -
Cotton Gin
The cotton gin was a machine that would separate the seeds from the cotton ball under a quick matter of time, it'll do the work of several man (slaves). It was invited by a person named Eli Whitney in the year of 1793. There was lots of good outcomes and also bad. The advantages of it was that it dramatically benefited the south by increasing the production of cotton and the demand for laborers on the field. The negative effects was the start of illegal slave trade. -
Adams Presidency
John Adams was a president that was elected in 1796, controlled by the federalist. His domestic affairs were an established Cabinet level Navy Dept, an Increased size of army and navy and increased taxes to support them, Passed Alien Acts, and Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. He also was the reasoning for the XYZ affair which was negotiating mission to seek peace with France, France agents wanted $250,000 bribe and $10 million loan, eventually the mission ended conflict without money. -
kentucky Resolutions
The Kentucky Resolutions was a response to the Alien acts and Sedition acts, it was secretly written by the president Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The whole purpose of the response was to oppose the acts because they believed that the act was unconstitutional, it also allowed states to have the right to nullify any act that they believed was "unconstitutional". Another part of the Acts increased the residency requirement to become a citizen from five to fourteen years. -
Period: to
Culture changes
This Era brought EXTREME changes to the society in the way Americans worked. Rural places were becoming to decrease due to the urban growth of cities and factories. Also because of the advantage of the "new modern world" people migrated to the US from all around the world causing a huge amount of culture diversities. Although Technology was a big part of this, this era also had something huge to depend off of which was literacy. Everything changed over time and advanced as well. -
Period: to
THE AGE OF JEFFERSON
Thomas Jefferson was the 3 president of the united states.He caused a lot of events during his presidency, for example he organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation. He was also the governor of Virginia and also the nations first secretary of the state. He was considered the father of our country, he influenced a lot of people, especially whenever thy'd read the Declaration of Independence. He help built the first university of the country. -
Period: to
Westward expansion
The Westward expansion happened during Thomas jefferson's presidency time. The whole purpose of it was to expand the country and increase the nations economy and wealth. It was first caused by the Louisiana purchase doubling the size of the country and also the gold rush. During this time 7 million people migrated westward of America to secure land and prosper in life opportunity. Because a lot of people were taking over and seeking for land, many Natives were killed or evacuated for land. -
Louisiana Purchase
Under Jefferson Davis, the US purchased Louisiana territory from france, under the rule of Napoleon. The US paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase.U.S. made a down payment of 3 million dollars for Louisiana Purchase.Then US then gained control Mississippi trade route and doubled the size.The reason why it was purchased/ sold was because their financial situation was in a wreck and Napoleon needed money for France.Louisiana was named in honor of King Louis XIV. -
12th amendment
The 12th amendment verified that the election of the president and the election of the vice president would be on separate ballots. The reason on why the 12th amendment happened was because the constitution announced that whoever got 1st place in the election would be the president and whoever got 2nd place would be the vice president, however this caused a conflict to the people so the people then amended the constitution to put on separate ballots. -
Hamilton vs Burr
The Hamilton vs Burr was a duel fought between American politician Aaron Burr and the vice president of United states Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton envied Burr for a Senate seat over Hamilton's father in law.The whole disagreement started by them beginning to insult each other in public, then Burr challenged Hamilton on a fight, finally they fought at the Heights of Weehawken. During the fight Hamilton fires first and misses while Burr hits Hamilton in the lower abdomen and dies the next day. -
Steamboats
The steamboats were trading boats that moved with the power of the steam engine.The steamboat was invented by Robert Futon. The purpose of them was to decrease the time it took to export and import goods and also people. The steamboats were usually used in the coastal bays, harbors and rivers. The steamboat wasn't a success right away due to the fact that it was expensive to build, but eventually became successful after the 5th one that was built on the year of 1807, by Robert Fulton. -
The embargo act
The embargo act was passed down by Thomas Jefferson and the secretary of the state Madison. Basically what the embargo act was, was a law that banned ALL trade (considering both imports and exports) within all foreign nations. The whole purpose to that was to protect the sailors and the ships from being seized by Britain and France. So them putting a stop from sending "american goods" to both France and Britain will eventually benefit them from getting their ships seized. -
Henry Clay
Henry Clay was the senator from Kentucky who ran president for 5 times. He establish lost of things during his presidency for instance, The 2nd national bank of America that allowed payments through federal transactions, a better transportation system such as roads and canals to benefit the transports of goods , and high protective tariffs. He argued with the West (opposers of the tariffs) considering that they should support the tariffs since urban workers would consume western foods. -
war of 1812
The war of 1812 was a war mainly between the British and the Americans. The main cause of the war was that the British were "kidnapped" the American sailors and forced them to work in their ships. The reasoning to all of that was because the British had a small army and they needed more sailors to fight against France. They also believed the British would "stir up" the Natives and give them weapons to gain back the Mississippi river and possibly America too. -
Panic of 1819
The panic of 1819 was the US economy "fall out". Everything went downhill economic wise. It included a widespreads of foreclosures, a big population of unemployed people, bank failures, and a major downfall in agriculture and manufacturing. It was considered to be the big fall out of the economy impact after the war of 1812. The main cause of it was the 2nd bank of the United states which falls into the category of United States "financial depression". -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri compromise was an agreement of "slave states" and "free states" equal. It was proposed by Henry Clay. The whole conflict about this agreement was that Missouri wanted to enter the union as a "slave state" which would then create an unbalance in the union. So the compromise was then enrolled setting up Maine as a "free state". Eventually there was a border or a "line" that seperated the North and South, explaining that all states in the north were free, excluding Missouri. -
Period: to
age of jackson
Was the era of growth in the middle class people- who weren't considered rich but also weren't poor. Another named that they were called was the "common man". Andrew Jackson was considered to be the hero of the common man, and was also elected to be the 7th president of the United States on the year 1829. He was one of the main causes of the US expanding its colonies. Also the advance of technology like steam boats and railroads. Slavery still happen and also Natives were affected. -
Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney was the leader of the second great awakening and was known as "father of modern revivalism".He served many roles, especially the role of him being a minister. He promoted social reforms such as abolition for slavery, due to his religious views. He was also a revivalist leader in Rochester, New York and The Second Great Awakening. REligion played a big role in his life affecting his ways and of course his outcomes to his community. -
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams was the states secretary during James Monroe's administration. He made some changes like acquiring Florida back to the united states . He also didn't agree with the whole idea/thought of slavery, and that's what he was mostly known of, his passion of him being a party of "anti-slavery".He abolished slavery with the "gag rule". He eventually became a very important influential diplomats in the US. -
Temperance movement
The temperance movement was an alcohol movement. The intentions of this movement was to regulate and control the amount of alcohol that was being consumed by people, men to be specific. The temperance movement was one of the largest reforms and also one of the most successful reforms as well. The main people that agreed with this reform was women. The main leader of this movement was Frances Willard. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was between John Adams and Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson ended up winning the election and between the 4 years of his presidency he would use his allies from congress to prevent Adams program from passing, he was also always attacking John Adams. The election of 1828 was considered to be one of the nastiest in American history due to the insults that were given off both candidates. Also this election was compared to trump's election. -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew was one of the most important man and president IN HISTORY. He was elected to be the seventh president of the United States on the year of 1829. He defeated the British at New Orleans as a general, was the leader of the "new democratic party" spreading political power, he caused the "indian removal act" and the "spoils system" and opposed The First Bank of America. The most people that supported him were common people such as farmers, then he was known as the "common man". -
Tariff act of 1832
The Tariff act of 1832 mainly had to do with South Carolina, they desperately wanted to lower the tariffs. People from South Carolina teh started saying that they'd no longer be part of the union if the tariffs weren't lowered. Later on Henry Clay demanded congress to lower the tariffs, he was known for pleasing both the North and the South. Eventually congress agreed with reducing the tariffs in the year 1832. The tariff act then led to the nullification crisis. -
Whig party
The whig party was politically formed to go against Andrew Jackson and the executive branch for having to much power. The candidate of the whig party was MArtin Van Buren.The whigs supported the national bank, protective tariffs and also federal aid for internal improvements. Some important people that were involved in the whig party were Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. The wigs benefited the economy a lot, charters, tariffs, and transportation. -
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin was known as the father of Texas, he led the the second successful colonization in Texas that brought 300 families from the United States. When he reached to the territory of mexico he was demanded to negotiate with the Mexican government to gain Texas independence, but ended up being imprisoned for about 2 years in the Mexican property. Once he was free, he returned to Texas and later on became the commander of the Texan's revolution army. -
Anti-slavery movement
The Anti-slavery movement was the movement to abolish/ end slavery, this included many ways that opposed slavery. For example slave revolts like Nat Turner, the underground railroad that helped the runaway slaves reach free states, public lectured by abolitionist and also civil disobedience idea promoted by Thoreau; "the right of individuals to refuse to obey laws that they feel are unjust". The main cause of this movement was to oppose slavery completely. -
Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna
Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna was a Mexican military captain, and eventually became Mexico's president in the year of 1833. He was known for his efforts of preventing the Spanish from colonizing the country again. One of the biggest situations he was involved in was the Annexation of Texas, he claimed that he would eagerly use his army to re-claim the state of Texas. Eventually Mexico lost the battle and Santa Anna was killed on June 21st, 1876. -
Come and Take it
Come and Take was a saying used during the battle of Gonzales. It was the first flag used during the Texas revolution. The whole story behind the flag and saying started by the Battle of Gonzales that centralized the American colonist who refused to give back a cannon back to the Mexican military. The Mexicans needed it in order to defend themselves. The AMericans refused to give it back, and then pointed out a gun adding the saying "come and Take it"... which basically was daring the Mexicans -
siege of Bexar
The siege of Bexar was the first major campaign of the Texas Revolution. The campaign started on October 2nd, the Texans started off by 300 men that were led by Stephen F. Austin. The battle only lasted 30 minutes, and by the time the battle was over the rest of the Texan army arrived. Luckily the Texans defeated the Mexicans at San Antonio de Bexar, It put tension on the Mexican army and later led on to the battle of Gonzalez. -
Davy Crockett
Davy Crockett was politician, frontiersman, and an example of a"common man". He fought a few times, one of his fights were against the natives, in which he fought under Andrew Jackson, and another fight which was the most important fight he fought because he saved a lot of people and helped Texas gain its independence from Mexico, was at the Alamo in which was his last fight because he was killed then. He was also known for hunting exotic animals. -
Battle of San Jancito
Battle of San Jacinto was a battle that was fought during the Texan revolution, and was one of the most important battles because the texas militia was much smaller than the Mexican army, yet Texas won the battle successfully, 630 Mexicans were killed and the ones who survived were imprisoned including the leader Santa Anna. On the other side, only 9 Texans were killed . The battle was a one of the main causes of the Texas independence from Mexico. -
Iron Plow
The Iron Plow was an tool that's used to turn and break up soil to then bury crops and control weeds. It was invited by John Deere in the year of 1837. The reasoning to his invention was that the wood plow wasn't capable enough to plow the soils without breaking so he came into a conclusion that him making a plow out of good steel that wouldn't rust as easily would solve this problem. The Iron plow was one of the first steps into farm machinery tools that we use in the day of today. -
Trails of tears
The trails of tears was a trail that was made by the US government that started in the Mississippi river and ended in Oklahoma.Also Andrew Jackson was a big cause of it (The Indian Removal Act). The purpose of them making that trail was to forcefully kick the natives out of their own settlements, eventually 4,000 natives died due to this situation. They faced a lot of hunger, disease, and exhaustion because of the migration . -
oregon trail
The oregon trail was a trail that was over 2000 miles long. It was built in the year 1843 and it started off in Missouri and ended in Oregon. Travelers would migrate during the spring time and would consider 15 miles to be a "good distance" for a day. This trail brough many difficulties to the travelers, during the spring the rain would cause the rivers to over flow so people would have to float across the rivers, but the main problem they faced was the spread of cholera. -
Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau was a poet back in the 1840'. He was a successful poet was he was mainly known for his beliefs in civil disobedience and transcendentalism. Later on he was arrested for not paying the Massachusetts "poll tax", he refused to pay the tax because it'll then benefit slavery in the Mexican American war. During his time in jail he wrote an essay called "civil obedience", which stated the urge of citizens to protest the gov for "justice". He inspired a lot of political leaders too. -
Telegraph
The Telegraph was a modern communication machine invented by, Samuel F.B. Morse. It was one of the most important things invented because it greatly increased the speed of "long-distance" communications. The telegraph was used by many people like newspaper reporters, armies during the civil war would send messages between units, the western union began sending out weather reports and eventually the telegraphs spread throughout cities all over the world. -
The Manifest Destiny
The manifest destiny was the belief of god wanting the US to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The first person to mention this term was a guy named O'sullivan. Although the manifest had to do with the Pacific Ocean, other colonies were involved like Louisiana, Florida, Oregon, Texas and California. Also the manifest destiny affected the Natives by forcing them to evacuate their homes, which caused a severe amounts of deaths and inclined the tension between them and the Americans. -
James K. Polk
James K. Polk was part of the Democratic party, a slave owner, speaker, Governor, and a candidate considered as the "Dark Horse". He then won the election becoming United States 11th president. Also he campaigned The Manifest Destiny, Annex of Texas, Oregon treaty, Walker tariff, Mexican war and treaty of Guadalupe. He was also really close to Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American's System and separated the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. -
Mexican American War
The Mexican American War was a war in the year 1846, between the Americans and Mexicans. It was caused by the US, by them annexing Texa, in which was Mexican property at the moment. Many battles were fought in Mexico and eventually Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by Scott. It was a long war, for the desire of colonizing Texas, The americans won the war and later on the war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe, in the year of 1848. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal that prohibited slavery from expanding in any territory acquired from United States. It was a result of the settlement in the Mexican American War. Thanks to the Wilmot Proviso, it helped the Republican party grow. The Wilmot Proviso was proposed by a Democratic member named David Wilmot. The house of representatives approved it but the bill denied it, causing it to never go into effect. -
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was caused by a man named James W. Marshall. He was the founder of gold in the state of California, eventually his discovery didn't last so much as a "secret". The discovery spread throughout the states, causing around 300,00 women, kinds and men to migrate to California and settle there for economic living purposes. The migration expanded the state and increased the population and economy tremendously causing it to become its own state, named "California". -
Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
The treaty of guadalupe hidalgo was one of the most important events during the Mexican AMerican war because it was a treaty that ended the war. Apart from ending the war, the treaty also transferred land to the US territory, 500,000 sq of miles to be exact. The land that was given to the US was, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico Colorado and Wyoming. Although the land was given away the US still agreed on paying Mexico $15,000,000 for it. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was an Women's movement dealing with the equal rights. The reason why it was called "Seneca Falls Convention" was because it took place in Seneca Falls, New York. On the day of the meeting there was 300 women and only 40 men that discussed women's right. The main important woman was Lucretia Mott, she went to the convention and was not allowed to debate. Later on her and a woman named "Elizabeth Cady Stanton" called the first women's right, Women then could vote. -
Compromise of 1850
The compromise of 1850 dealt with a lot of movements of the nation that caused major changes. Starting off with Washington D.C. outlawing slavery, California ends up being it's own state, Utah and Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty and last but not least The fugitive slave law is passed. Important people that supported and helped pass the act were Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas and Millard Fillmore. -
California Independence
California was Mexican's property until the year 1850. The cause of the states independence was the victory of the Mexican American war. The War was declared on Mexico in 1846, Stockton and Kearney defeated Pico and raised the American flag over Los Angeles in 1847, The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transferred California from Mexican to American control. Washington had a deadlock over organizing california's territory due to slavery debate; california entered the union as a free state. -
Uncle Tombs Cabin
Uncle Toms Cabin was an anti-slavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and purposely published to explain how slavery was evil and cruel and also to protest the fugitive law that was passed in the year 1850 (a fine for the officers that wouldn't arrest the runaway slaves). The book went viral and sold out to hundreds of people, affecting them emotionally and motivated them to the abolition movement. people also considered the book helped "lay the groundwork for the civil war". -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent battles and rebellions between the anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces in the state of Kansas and Missouri. The rebellions, arguments and disagreements were based on whether kansas should allow slavery of ban it. The kansas battles led to the establishment of the Republican party and also to the cause of the Civil war. Eventually Kansas entered the union as a "Free state" on the day of January 29, year of 1861. -
Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 was the election of four candidates; Abraham Lincoln, John Bell, Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. Abraham lincoln's party was republican, John B. was constitutional union , stephen was a northern democrat, and John C. was a southern democrat. Lincoln ended up winning the election with 180 votes. Lincoln's idea was to not allow slavery to extend even more, which cause southern states to secede from the union. Later on the first shots of the civil war were shot. -
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was greatly known for being the leader in preserving the union during the Civil War and also begun the Emancipation proclamation that eventually ended slavery in the United States. He was also known as the "great emancipator" because his intentions during his presidency was to abolish slavery completely. He was the 16th president of the US in the year 1861 all the way to the year of 1865 and he was also the first president to be "assassinated" . -
Fort Sumter
The "Fort Sumter" was the first battle of the civil was on the day of April 12, year of 1861. The battle occured in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.The commanders of the battle were, Robert Anderson and Brigadier General Beauregard. During the war 500 of the confederacy attacked the 80 of the union. The cause of the was was that the south decided to secede from the union and considered themselves to be "independent".The battle caused the confederate victory and the beginning of civil war -
Period: to
sectionalism
sectionalism of the country was mainly cause by the early starts of the civil war. The civil war caused americans to divide themselves and consider their colonies as the "South" and the "North". Both parts played different roles, starting with the main role which was "slavery". Slavery also divided the nations due to free slave states and slave states. There was many disagreements between them both and many battles and rebellions were caused. -
Period: to
The civil war
The civil war was known as "war between the states". The war was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America. The main cause of it was the separation of the union that southern caused due to protect the institution of slavery. During this time many things occured that both benefited and downgraded the country. Slavery was one of the main causes, in which led many battles and rebellions throughout the states and within the states. -
Union Blockade
The Union Blockade was designed to prevent the export of cotton and illegal trade of war supplies into the confederacy. It wanted to stop Southern commerce and hurt the confederacy during the Civil War until it eventually ended in the year of 1865. It was announced/ established by Abraham Lincoln on April 19 in the year 1861. The Navy were the ones who prevented all of this by sending a great amount of big ships to the transport areas to look over and keep other ships from coming in. -
Conscription Act
The conscription act was the first wartime draft of the US citizens and an act passed down by the confederate congress, that allowed males ages between 18 and 35 to be eligible to join the military. This was first implemented during the the Civil War. It basically mobilized all of a society's resources, economic, political and cultural in support of the military effort. it was a great advantage to the military and made everything much more organized. -
Battle of Vicksburg
The whole point of the Battle of Vicksburg was to take complete control of the Mississippi river and split the confederacy in half. The people who were part of this battle was Ulysses S. and John C.
The outcomes of this battle was that the union successfully won the campaign, which was considered to be one of the most successful campaigns ever won. The battle lasted 48 full days, and had 19,000 casualties. -
Gettysburg
Gettysburg was considered to be the bloodiest battle of the American Civil war, it lasted 3 full days and under those three days, 50,000 men were killed. The battle took place in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. . The purpose of the battle was to prevent/ stop the general Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North. Fortunately The union won, and was considered to be the "turning point" of the Civil War. The war ended by General Lee's Army surrendering in April 1865. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant was considered to be the youngest president of the United States at the age of 46, in the year of 1869. He was known for many things, for being "entrusted" with command for all US armies and also for pursuing the enemy during the Civil War. One of the most important events he was part of, was the Mexican American War. All in one Ulysses Grant was a Soldier, a Military officer and a Politician. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
The Reconstruction was caused by the effects of the civil war. During this this time Abraham Lincoln was running as the president and his desires during this era was to re-construct the south after having huge areas of the South occupied by the union soldiers. At the end of the period The reconstruction admitted the southern states back into the union and provided natural citizenships for anyone that was born under the US territory including the slaves. -
Andrew Johnson's Administration
Andrew Johnson served as the 17th president of the US, serving 4 years on the years 1865 to 1869.HE ran for the Republican/ Democrat party.He was mostly known for being the first president to be "impeached", due to his disownment to the confederate debts, and mainly his violation of the Tenure of Office Act. He was 1 vote away from the removement too. He had negative plans with "reconstruction" for not including a lot of people to be eligible for amnesty. -
13th amendment
The 13th amendment was the amendment, act and movement that abolished slavery in every aspect except crime wise. Abraham Lincoln was the one that proposed this amendment, it was easy to enforce since there was little emposement to it, which made it highly effective. The main for the amendment was to rebuild Georgia after the disaster that the civil war caused. southern states had to nullify their ordinances of secession, and promise to not repay and help fund the confederacy. -
14th amendment
The 14th amendment was ratified in the year 1868. The whole meaning of the amendment was that any citizen that was born or "naturalized", were not allowed to be denied of any of the rights under the Constitution. It also granted the citizenship for all people that were born in the United States including former slaves. The amendment also strengthen the Federal government's power over the states. there was a total of 4 clauses in this amendment. -
Black Friday Scandal
The Black Friday scandal was a gold panic, that was caused by James Fisk and Jay Gould. During this scandal Ulysses S. was running as president and his policy was that people had to sell treasury gold at weekly intervals in order to pay off national debt, boost the economy and stabilize the US dollar. The gold prices go higher, until its highest price that reached $30 or more for an ounce of gold. It led to a panic causing for majority of the investors to sell their holdings -
Metropolises
Metropolises is another way to say crowded/ over-populated "cities". The causes of the expansion of cities were, power of water shifting into steam, the fallout of rural areas and decrease of economy gave people the urge to move into the urban areas for better life opportunities and employment. The first largest Metropolises were New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and Baltimore. New York was the main one, it was known for "national capital of shipping, trading, technology and immigrating". -
Mississippi Plan
The Mississippi Plan were policies that almost completely knocked off the voting rights for Black people and also poor white people. In order for them to be eligible to vote they'd have to pay off all of their taxes, be literate and they'd have to be residents of the state for at least 2 years. This act basically applied for everyone but mainly targeted the African Americans. The plan Organized a solidly Democratic front, Stuff the ballot box with Democratic ballots and destroy Republican ballot -
compromise of 1877
The compromise of 1877 was the reasoning of the election of 1876 settlement whenever the Democrats agreed with Rutherford Hayes presidency, also removing troops from Louisiana, South Carolina and the concessions, building a southern transcontinental railroad and finally ending the "Reconstruction Era." This compromise helped enact the Legislation to then help industrialize the South. And also Democrats agreed with the fact of the blacks having "equal rights". -
Slums
Slums were considered to be the complete opposite of "metropolises". They were filthy areas filled with tenements and poor workers. The cause of the growth of slums were city growths ,and bad governance. People would take advantages of poor places so they could "advertise" the urban areas so then they'd grow, but what they didn't realize was that they were also increasing the "slums". -
Spoils system
The spoils system was a tactic created by Andrew Jackson during his presidency. The whole idea of this was that whenever a political party won an election, the government would then give service jobs to its supporters, relatives and friends for a way to "payback for working towards victory." It was basically Andrew Jackson's idea of rewarding the supporters, it was his way of showing that he put
a lot importance into loyalty. -
Yeoman farmers
Yeoman farmers were considered to be "small landowners" in the south, in whom would farm, work in their own farm and primarily would work with their family in their own land, and usually didn't use or own slaves. Yeoman were usually looked up to because they'd be independent, they'd own their own land and they were basically considered to be "seen as the best kinds of citizens to have a political influence in a republic." -
Grandfather Clause
The Grandfather Clause was a law passed down, that verified african american males to vote, but they could only vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote before the year 1867. The other way African American males could vote was by taking a literacy test that was considered to be highly dificut, disregarding the fact that very few African Americans knew how to read due to the fact that most were slaves and education was prohibid.
