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end of the holy roman empire
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Creation of the German Confederation
Germany determined its political borders at the congress of vienna from 1814 to 1815 (9 month) where they redrew borders
39 states i.e. Austria and prussia
Swore to help each other
No economic or national unity -
Marmora enters the Sardinian army
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Marmora becomes a captain
gained distinction andrank of major at the siege of Peschiera -
promoted general and appointed minister of war
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Marmora supresses revolt of Genoa, assumed the portfolio of war
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Marmora took part in the war of 1859 against Austria
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became the permier
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Bismarck was appointed Minister President of Prussia
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Marmora concluded alliance with Prussia against Austria
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took command of an army crops in the third italian war of independence
led to the defeat in the battle of Custoza on 23 June. Accused of treason by his fellow countrymen, in particular by other high rank generals, and of duplicity by the Prussians, -
Third Italian War of Independence
war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire -
open war between Austria and Prussia
The increasing discord between Austria and Prussia over the German Question turned into open war in 1866, offering Italy an occasion to capture Venetia. -
Mamora's role
Austria offered the transfer of Veneto back to Italy as an olive branch. Marmora tried to stall and decided not to support a war against either Prussia or Austria. -
Austria declares war on Prussia
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seven weeks war
Austria was decisively defeated at the battle of Sadowa (Koniggratz). As a result of the Treaty of Prague (August), Austria was now excluded from German affairs but importantly Bismarck had made sure that Austria lost no land.
The German Confederation was dissolved and a North German Confederation was formed. It contained all German states north of the Main River. Effectively it was controlled by Prussia. -
Alfonso La Marmora, the President of the Council, entered into an agreement with Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Prime Minister. Italy would now vow to support Prussia in the case of war against Austria.
the Italian government signed a military alliance with Prussia, through the mediation of Emperor Napoleon III of France. Italian armies, led by General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, were to engage the Austrians on the southern front. Simultaneously, taking advantage of their perceived naval superiority, the Italians planned to threaten the Dalmatian coast and seize Trieste. -
Attack by Prussia
Prussia, on the other hand, would not wait and on June 12th, cut all ties with Austria and invaded some of its territories four days later. -
Italy's major blow
Italy was dealt another blow at the island of Vis, off the coast of Dalmatia. Italian general Carlo Persano’s forces were beaten back and subsequently defeated by the Austrian fleet on the island. -
Peace treaty
the agreement provided for the delivery of Veneto, but not Trentino, back to Italy. By the end of the war, Italy’s desire for unification had been emboldened, making the Third War for Independence another crucial step on the path to full national unity. -
Marmora sent to paris to oppose french expedition to rome
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Marmora appointed lieutenant-royal of Rome
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French tropps withdrew from Roma
in order to be used to defend France against Prussia. Italy seized Roma -
Period: to
The Franco - Prussian War
marked the end of French military domination in Europe. The new German Empire emerged as Europe’s foremost military power. Prussia dominated this new German state. As a result of the war French troops guarding the Pope in Rome were forced to withdraw and Italian unification was completed. -
Bismarack declared the German EMpire in 1871
crowning the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, as Kaiser of Germany. The ceremony took place in Versailles, the traditional seat of French power, further humiliating France. -
marmora published a series of documents entitled Un po' più di luce sugli eventi dell'anno 1866 ("More light on the events of 1866")
caused irritation in Germany, and exposed him to the charge of having violated state secrets -
Marmora death