-
WWI Conscription Crisis
This issue divided Canadians as the French belived they had done enough to support this foreign war. Result: Fr-Engl relations strained. By the middle of the war, reserves were running low, Giving PM borden to enact mandatory military service. -
Period: to
The Duplesiss Era/The Great Darkness 1936-1939
Quebec economy stagnan. Reason for bribery + corruption. Lead the Union Nationale Party and believed Quebec could be a DISTRICT SOCIETY. Duplessis also supported Catholic church + plititians and lawyers, and not business men and entrepeneurs. -
WWII Conscription Crisis
Result: French-Eng relations strained but not broken BY 1942 the NAZI party controlled all of western Europe requiring PM Mackenzie to conscript soldiers for overseas defense. By the time the bill was passed and men were trained to go over, the war was mostly over. -
Period: to
The Duplesiss Era/The Great Darkness 1944-1959
Deplessis encouraged foreing investment in exchange for cheap labour. Duplessis shut down unions. -
1960s
Quiet Revolution begins in Quebec after Deplesis death -
Jean Lesage
Jean Lesage replaces duplessis winning the election under the slogan"Maitre chez nous: masters of our house. Lesage starts monitoring QUebec education culture and politics. Limited influence 0 catholic church was called quet rev bc it was peaceful chane -
Trudeau Becomes Prime Minister
Although a Fr-Canadian, he is a Federalist who believes in one unified Canada -
Period: to
Bi& Bi Commission (Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism) investigation by Lester B. Pearson
an investigation on how Canadians felt about Fr & vice versa. Straight to solve feelings of misunderstanding, alienation + prejudice -
1969 Official Languages Act is Passed
Making French the 2nd official language of Canada was a byproduct of the Bi & Bi Commissionns reccomendations. By passing it, Trudeau wanted to show Fr inclusion into the fabric of Canada. -
FLQ Crisis (Oct 5, 2970) aka October Crisis,
This policy was meant to de-emphasize Quebec & the French as the ohnly cultural group in Canada. It attempted to recognize all immigrants as unique & encouraged them to express themselves. Result: Canada becomes more international. -
FLQ Crisis (Oct 5, 2970) aka October Crisis,
The FLQ had stepped up their radical sepratist activity by kidnapping British diplomat, John Cross The FLQ would only release Cross if FLQ prisoners were given amnesty for crimes against Canada. Trudeau respons w/ War Measures Act. But FLQ then kidnapped + killed Pierre LaPorte, Quebec's labour minister. -
1974 Bill 22 introduced by Robert Bourassa
Liberal Prepier, R. Bourassa introduced Bill 22 making French the official language of Quebec (not a bi-ling province like other provinces) Rasionale: Fr birth rates were dwindling but immigration was increasing. Bourassa feared the dissapearance of the Fr. language. -
Immigration policy moves to ‘sponsorship program’
The policy allowed citizents of Canada to "support" or "sponsor" outside applicants to Can. This required that those who sponsored ppl were legally + financially responsible for the new immigrants. Benefit: New immigrants not overreliant on social welfare programs -
Parti Quebecois wins provincial election on Quebec
PQ is led by Renée Levesque and promises Quebec seperation by first holding a province-wide referendum on the issue. -
Referendum on Sovereignty Association (include the results of the referendum)
Levesque's gov't calls referendum asking Quebeckers to vote 'yes' to negotiating a new agreement with Canada based on sovereignty-association. He proposed that Quebec become politically independent, yet maintain a close economic relationship w/ Canada.
Rallied Quebeckers to become 'maitres chez nous' or masters of their own house.
Result: 40% yes to sovereignty, 60% no. -
Patriation of the Constitution.
Trudeau wanted this authority b/c he also wanted to include a "Charter of Rights & Freedoms". But some Premiers were concerned overthe amount of power each provinces legislature could be given.
Premiers agreed to accept Chart if 'notwithstanding clause' were added - this allowed fed govt or provinces to opt out of some of the clauses in the charter. Also meant tht a provincial law could be passed despite being conrary to the Charter. -
Constitution Act
Trudeau went ahead & new constituion signed by QE II and Trudeau @Ottawa parliament buildings. Our constituion had come home! Canada officialy became independant from Br! -
Mulroney Becomes Prime Minister
promised to gain Quebec's consent to the consitituion "with honour & enthusiasm" -
Reform Party Created
Mulroney promised to gain Quebec's consent to the constituion with 'honor & enthusiasm" Robert Bourassa (liberal-federalist) in office in Quebec at this time (replaces levesque)
focused on western concerns such as:
- Growing western alienation due to OIl Crisis of 1970s
- Alberta and Newfoundland wanting sentate reforms
-Ottawa being awarded a multi billion dollar contract to Que rather than Winnipeg -
Meech Lake Accord
In 1987 PM Mulroney and all 10 premiers met at Meech Lake to change the constition to include QUebec. This was Mulroney's attempt to create constitutional harmony by bringing Quebec into fold. It proposed;
-Quebec would be considered a "distinct society"
-3/9 supreme court judges should come from Quebec
-Any amendments to the new constitution would require agreement from all 10 provinces
- Provinces could choose to opt out of federal funding
-Quebec would be able to control its own immigration. -
Department of Multiculturism formed
The Canadian Multiculturalism Act was adopted in 1987 to "recognize all Canadians as full and equal participants in Canadian society." Multiculturalism ensures that all citizens can keep their identities, take pride in their ancestry and have a sense of belonging. By doing this Canada recognizes the the potential of all citizens and encourages them to take part in its social, cultural, economic and political affais. -
Bloc Quebecois Formed
Created as a result of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. Believe that Qeebec should become an independant state and separate from the rest of Canada. -
Charlottetown Accord
Made provisions for aboriginal self-government, Senate reform, universal health care, workers' rights, and environmental protection. Known as the Canada Round because it included a Canada Clause in addition to the "distinct society" clause for Quebec.
Result: 54.5% Cnds rejected it because there were too many clauses and it was easy to find fault within it. -
Parti Quebecois Return to Power
Quebec is angered by constitution debates & re-elect Parti Quebecois leader in provincial election (Premier Jacques Parizeau) -
2nd Referendum on Sovereignty
Parizeau calls referendum on full sovereigny, 49.4% of Quebeckers vote yes, 50.6% vote no.
Nation in state of shock.
Parizeau resigned after and was replaced by Bouchard again who had every intention of calling for another sovereignty referendum but only "under winning conditions." -
Soupreme Court Decistion
Supreme Court ruled that Quebec did not have the right to separate unilaterally (wasn't allowed to decide by itself) from Canada. In order to achieve independance, Quebec would have to negotiate w/ the federal gov't, the 9 other provinces, aboriginals and other minorities living there. Negotioations could only begin after a referendum w/ a "clear majority" voted yes.
