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Oct 1, 1500
First occupants- Trade work
Different groups had different types of way for production:
-Trading system and notion of ownership: The value of objects were defined according to one’s needs.
-Trade network between families, groups, and the various tribes (maps, potlatch) -
Oct 1, 1500
Transportation and occupation of territory
-In the 1500's the famous mode of transportation was the canoe. It was a native technology often used for transportation.
-During the cold winters the occupants also used snowshoes to walk around, so they do not sink into the snow.
-The men were hunters and provided their family with food.
-The women were farmers and took care of the crops.
-The elderly were not as strong as the young so they stayed at home watching over the children. -
Economic policies- Merchantile system
-During the 16th century, the economic policies had an impact on the organization of society and the territory.
-This was the called the Merchantile system. Which was a way of financial organization. European countries thought it was essential to be exporting more than they import.
-New France exported natural resources (fur) back to France. -
Agricultural activity
-In the 16th century, agricultural actvity impacted organization of society and the territory.
-Jean Talon attempted to diversify the economy by the "triangular trade". This failed, because there was too much demand for fur trade and not enough skilled people to expand. -
French Regime
-Economy was based on fur
-This had an affect on the society and territory.
-Natives alliance did the hunting.
-Enlargement of New France's teritory to search for more furs.
-Established trading post which lead to the foundation of the towns of Quebec and Trois-Rivières. -
British Regime
-Economy based on fur.
-English take over the fur trade economy.
-After the American revolution, North West comapny was created and then merged with Hudson's Bay Company.
-There was then a decline in fur trade. -
Timber Economy
-During the 18th century, the economy was based and dependant on timber.
-This lead to the creation of the Bank of Montreal in 1817, which allowed people to invest and obtain credit.
-New jobs developed such as: lumberjack, loggers and sawmills.
-The transportation improved and developped (canals, railroads, steamships). -
Effect of economic policies
-During mid 18th century, trade with Britin was doing extremely well, until Britin ends its preferential/protectionist treatment with Canada.
-They wanted to explore new markets.
-Free Trade is established.
-Canada needed a new trade alliance.
-Canada signs a Reciprocity treaty with the USA in 1854 -
Contemporary period 1867-Present
-Exploitation of resources by period (agriculture, mining, forest, hydroelectricity).
-Birth of crown corporations, which are businesses owned by the government. -
Change and increase in popuation
-From 1871 to 1901 the population of Quebec and Canada increased by 30-49%.
-Quebec's birth rate remains very high, however people keep leaving because the farms are overcrowded.
-People moved to urban centers, where there were unskilled labour demands.
-Emigration towards the United States, Ontario and Western because of better jobs and salary.
-As well, polution was everywhere, and most of the working class was malnourished.
-1/3 of children didn't live until their first birthday. -
First phase of industrialisation- Quebec
-From 1876 to 1896.
-At first all the money came for the capital, Britain.
-Industrialisation came to Quebec in late 19th century.
-Skilled craftsmen used costly/time consuming methods.
-The first manufacturing industries were powered by coal and steam engines.
-Quebec now specialized in dairy, and stopped producing wheat (less farming). -
The Nationalist Politics of MacDonald
-MacDonald realizes that Canada needs to have more power in order to have more money. So he does the following:
-Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries.
-Builds Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
Second phase of industrialisation
-From 1885-1900
-Caused by the 1930s Great Depression and World War 2 got us out of this situation.
-During this period, women are given a lot of opportunities.
-After the war (1945-1970), Canada opens all doors for Europeans to come work in canada, to build the population.
-Source of capital was from the United States. -
Urban expansion
-Cities spread out, therefore suburbs are created.
-Cities are developping (concentration of services,transportation,education, hospitals..)
-Suburbs are also developping.
-Rural exodus.
-Poor people live near the factories because it's close to work. Rich people move into the suburbs far away from the factories because it's cleaner.
-Therefore the development of unions starts, and workers are demand for better work conditions. -
The Roaring Twenties
-Better economy.
-A part of the economic cycles.
-Britain makes Canada go to war. Once Canada joins they get an economic boost.
-Woman get mens jobs.
-World War 1 was important for woman getting the vote. They got to vote on behalf of their husbands, who went to war. -
The Great Depression
-Also known as the "Dirty thirties".
-Cause of this was due to the stock market crash in 1929.
-This happened when people were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, when debts were called in the stocks plummeted.
-Most sectors of the economy were affected pretty badly. Wheat and farmers especially.
-Families bought as little as possible. -
Government solutions to increase population
-After the Great Depression, the government tried to find ways to increase the population and develop the economy.
-Public works projects were made to boost the economy.
-Work Camps
-Direct Aid
-Encouraged Farming.
The start of World War 2 in 1939 led to a huge economic boost and the depression ended. -
The Quiet Revolution
-After the war, there was an economic boost, and period of traditionalism/conservatism lead by Maurice Duplesis.
-Maurice Duplesis ran Quebec. He was old fashioned and believed in old values and traditions. He did not believe in technology.
-Then began the Quiet Revolution, in 1960 by the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party.
-Changed and evolved peacefully. The more money spent, more the country developped. Liberal party wins against the Union Nationale. -
Outcome of the Quiet Revolution
-Overall Quebec Changed: It modernized jobs moved away from hard labour, there were more intellectuals, and university trained specialists.
-Union membership also doubled, as commissions were established to promote industries like steel, mining, and compensation funds.
-However Quebecers were upset that they were not getting paid the same amounts as the Anglophones, and didn’t have the same job opportunities as the English. -
James Bay Hydroelectric dams
-One of the last large projects was the creation of the James Bay hydroelectric dams in the 1980s.
-This is where Quebec gets most of its electricity. -
The Free Trade Agreement
-Canada entered into trade agreements with the USA (The Free Trade agreement of 1988) and also Mexico (NAFTA signed in 1993). -This shows the ever increasing effects of globalization.
