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Aristotle describes like with the Scala Naturae
Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher and Polymath who had a diverse range of writing, from physics to Zoology. His ideas were based on the idea of the Scalae Narurae, which means Natural ladder. According to that, Aristotle felt the entire natural world could be arranged in a similar If not the same way.
www.macroevoloution.net/scala-naturae -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamark is known for his theory of inheritance of Acquired characteristics. Believed that change was made by the organisms want and need.He believed that elephants had small trunks and when there was no food, water and branches their trunks strayed stretching and their offspring inherited lung trunks. Giraffes had small necks and as they reached for food in their necks started stretching inheriting long necks for the next generations
Bar-Yam Shlomiya. "Evolution." Evolution. Web. 09 Dec. 2016 -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
H.M.S Beagle with a crew of 70 men sailed out of Plymouth harbor. During his sail he made observations of everything. When he got to Santiago Darwin made his first curious discovery by watching a horizontal white brand shells within a cliff face along the shoreline of porto Praya. This observation led Darwin to develop his own theory of rising continents and sinking ocean floors.
"AboutDarwin.com Beagle Voyage." AboutDarwin.com - Beagle Voyage. 2000-2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2016 -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Alfred Russel Wallace discovered what's known as “intelligence evolution”. A theory of a common descent based upon natural selection strictly bounded by the principle of utility. The idea that no organ or attribute of an organism will be developed and retained unless it affords its survival advantage. Also known as the “Survival of the fittest”
Flannery, Michael A. "Intelligent Evolution." Alfred Russell Wallace - Intelligent Design. Center for Science and Culture, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016 -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Scientific literature by Charles Darwin, which introduces the Scientific Theory. Natural Selection is the differential survival and reproduction of people due to differences in their phenotype. It is the key mechanism of evolution.
https”//Wikipedia.org -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
Louis Pasteur was originally working on beer, wine and silkworms to protect them from rotting or decaying. After the deaths of his daughters he decided to changed his knowledge. He decided to work on figuring out the causes of illness and disease.
"Germ Theory 1861." Past Matters. Past Matters, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016. -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
A selective cross-breeding of pea plants many generations Mendel discovered that traits indicated offspring without blending parent characteristics. Example pea flowers are purple or white. Intermediate colors do not appear in the offspring of cross pollinated pea plants. This was important because theory at the time was inherited traits blend generation to generation.
O'Neil, Dennis. "Basic Principles of Genetics: Mendel's Genetics." Basic Principles of Genetics: Mendel's Genetics.Web. -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrients both could spontaneously generate microbial life. He set up two experiments where he added both nutrient broths to flaks that were shaped into S shapes. He then added boiled broth to kill existing microbes
Brewing, Pasteur. "Louis Pasteur Experiment: Refute Spontaneous Generation." Pasteur Brewing. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016. -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
American geneticist Thomas Hunt peered through a hand lens at male fruit fly. T. Hunt Morgan notice fruit flies have normal brilliant red eyes of wild-type Drosophila melanogaster with white fly’s eyes. He was particular inherited and distributed in developing organism. Morgan wondered what caused fly’s eyes to deviate from the normal. Thomas was one of the first true geneticist meaning he made contributions to our understanding of the role of chromosomes and gens inheritance
www.nature.com -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
In1913 introduce his shell model of atoms and explained how electrons stable orbits around the nucleus. Borh’s modified Rutherford’s model due to being unstable by requiring electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. Borh stated that Energy of electrons depend on size of the orbit. Radiation can occur when the electron jumps from one orbit to another. Borh stated that atoms will be completely stable in the state with the smallest orbit.
"Bohr Atomic Model." Bohr Atomic Model. Web. -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
The experiment was to suggest that bacteria was capable of referring genetic information through transformation. Griffith was studying the possibility of creating a vaccine. He used two strains of pneumococcus bacteria which infect mice – a type III-S (smooth) which was virulent, and a type II-R (rough) strain which was nonvirulent. In result the death of the host, while the II-R strain did not have that protective capsule and defeated by the host's immune system. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species
Dobzhansky wanted to change the view of wild population of the vinegar fly Drosophila pseudoobscura, he found extensive genetic variability. Over a month of time observing this experiment changes were rapid and effective in various types of climate changes Other experiments showed that, in fact, flies of mixed genetic makeup (heterozygotes) were superior in survival and fertility to pure types. -
Ensatina described as a ring species
Discovered by Robert Stebbins in 1949, Salamanders came from the Ensatina Eschscholtzi Group. They are found in mountains along the West Coast of North America. Ensatina Sakamanders differ dramatically in color and exist in Southern California. Their color changes based off population and environment. They also adapt to their environment.
evoloution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0/devitt_02 -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
Photo 51 was the nickname of the x ray diffractors by Raymond gosiling. The diffraction pattern was determined by the double helix. Photo 51 became a crucial data that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated double helical structure of DNA, which were presented in the articles in the Nature journal by Raymond Gosling -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
A series of experiments were performed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. The Hershey Chase Experiment is an experiment that convinced the world that DNA was the genetic material. Bacterial viruses called phage, were used to demonstrate the genetic material. The experiment shows when the bacteriophages infect bacteria, their DNA enters the cell wall, but most of the protein doesn’t.
www.mediernenet.com -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Oswald T Avery found that the nuecleic acid, DNA, was a transmittable and herititable bacteria. Together with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, Avery undertook to purify—from some twenty gallons of bacteria—what he called the "transforming factor." As early as 1936, Avery noted that it did not seem to be a protein or carbohydrate, but a nucleic acid. Further analysis showed that it was DNA. -
Miller-Urey experiments published
Miller-Urey performed experiments that would show the “building blocks” of life such as the amino acids and how they could arisen in the early earth. Their experiment is typically cited to lend plausibility to a “primordial soup” hypothesis and unguided chemical origins of life.
Casey Luskin June 15, 2011 6:00 AM | Permalink. "Miller-Urey Experiment." Evolution News & Views. N.p., 15 June 2011. Web. 09 Dec. 2016 -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
James Watson and Francis Crick milestone of the double helix, the twisted ladder structure of DNA gave rise to modern molecular biology. Which is how genes control chemical processes within cells. Their discovery made ground breaks insights into genetic code and protein synthesis. "The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953." U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016. -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
These two scientist figure that the one gene and one enzyme meant that each gene encode a single enzyme. This theory was confirmed by using a genetic and biochemical studies. Today, this idea is general but not al the way correct.
"Khan Academy." Khan Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2016. -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
“The Father of Scuba Diving” was known as Jacques Casteau. He omvented scuba gear and an aqua lung, which is used for scuba diving. (1943) He was born in France on 6/11/1910. Jacques wrote books and produced television specials. He also did underwater experiments, made two documentaries on underwater exploration, discovered the “Mahdia” shipwreck in 1948, and studied the sea and all the forms of life in water.
www.biogrphy.com/people/jacques-casteau. -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
. In 1961 Marshall Nirenberg was a scientist who deciphered the genetic code with the help of his colleague Johann h. Matthaei. Nirenberg tried to figure out the genetic information hidden in the DNA strand could eventually be read out as protein. He put together the things they thought were needed for protein synthesis such as RNA template, ribosomes, nucleotides, amino acids, stabilizing agents.
https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html -
Apollo 11 Lands On the Moon
On July 16, 1969 Apollo 11 took off to space with Neil Armstrong and two other astronauts. By July 20 Neil Armstrong arrived to the moon and became the first man to step on the moon. This was an accomplishment for president John Kennedy. It took Armstrong four days to successfully land on the moon.
''Apollo 11."History.com.A+E Networks,2010.Web.29 Nov.2016 -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
Apollo 11 was the first spaceflight that launched humans on the moon. Mission Commander Neil Armstrong and Pilar Buzz Aldrin landed on 7/20/1969. Armstrong was the first man to step on the lunar surface, Two hours and 25 minutes is what Neil and Buzz stayed on the moon. They collected 47.5lbs of lunar material. Apollo 11 took place 8 years after President Kennedy announced a national goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960’s.
http://www.history.com.topics/apollo-11 -
The Sanger Technique is developed
It all started with the discovered of DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. Later the sequence of DNA molecules began in the 1970’s with a development called Maxam-Gilbert method, and later the Sanger method. The Sanger method is a method of DNA sequencing first commercialized by applied bio systems. Selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (a chain – elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase).
http://www.454.com/downloads/news-events/history-of-genome-sequencing_FINAL -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.”
Theodisious is a genetics professor at the university of California. Among his many honors are the National Medal of Science and the Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Achievement in Science. He holds 18 honorary doctorates from many universities. -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
Lucy was founded by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray. As they were looking for a route back to Land rover they spotted a right proximal ulna and identified as hominid. After that, he found a skull. Lucy got her nickname in the celebration they made. They say that the “Lucy in the sky with Diamonds” hasn’t been discovered who called the bones Lucy. Since the name has stuck around
"Lucy's Story." Institute of Human Origins. Arizona State University. Web. https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story. -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Splicing occurs with several steps and they are categorized by small ribosomes. It occurs in translation when producing RNA to proteins. As the cell transcribes your DNA’s nucleic acid sequence into RNA, the spliceosome lands on the newly forming mRNA strand, where it chops out unnecessary pieces, called introns, and joins together the leftover, essential sequences, called exons. The edited mRNA is then exported to the cell’s cytoplasm, where it gets translated into protein -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
Tommie Lee Andrews was convince of rape. Due to DNA evidence, Lee might n be release as a free man. Tommie Lee Andrews was serving a fraction 62 years sentence. Tommie Lee Andrews is now 49 and has been behind bars since 1988 after two separate juries found him guilty in two violent rapes cases using DNA evidence, an emerging science at the time was linked to him on both crimes scenes.
http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-08-03/news/os-dna-tommie-lee-andrews-release-20120803_1_serial-rapist -
“Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrura” published
A problem of reproduction isolation is that it has two man divisions premating isolation, in which mating is prevented from occurring and post mating isolating which takes place, but viable and fertile offsprings aren’t produced. 8 populations were studied on Drosphobia pseudoobscura, which was used by Powell and Andejelkovic. Four if which were focused on starch based medium, and the other four were on maltose base medium.
) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2409365 -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
In 1992 Ernst Mayr defined species as a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such group. He wrote in his book called “Systematics and the Origin of Species”. In his book Mayr stated when population within species become isolated by geography, they feed the strategy to mate choices or other mean, they may start to differ from other population through genetic drift and natural selection.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr -
The Innocence Project is founded
The innocence Project, was found in 1992 by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck at Cardozo School Law. The Innocence Project is a database where exonerates the wrongly convicted through DNA testing and reform the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice.
http://www.innocenceproject.org -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
In 1993 Francisco Monija was first research to characterize the CRISPr/CAS 9 a system that used a general tool to engineer genomes of different organism. The department of molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The function of system was first identified by food microbiologist. Is been use to confer bacteriophage resistance to commercially important bacteria used in yogurt and cheese manufacturing, also been improve the robustness of the bacterial strain to bacteriophage.
https://www.jax.org -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly was announce birthed on February 22, 1997. The original code-named for Dolly was “6113”. The name “Dolly” came from a suggestion by a stockmen who helped with her birth, Due to Dolly Parton, because it was mammary cell that was cloned. The technique that was made famous by her birth is a somatic cell nuclear transfer
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/dolly_the_sheep.htm -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations
The study of genetics defined group called population genetics. A formula used for expressions of alleles,the allele frequencies. Population genetics is determining frequency of dominant and recessive alleles in population given frequency of phenotypes. Given that phenotypic and allelic frequencies are related but not equal. Heterozygotes show dominant phenotype,carry a recessive allele. Therefore, the frequency for the recessive allele is higher than the frequency of the recessive phenotype. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
One of the oldest species in the human family tree is tchadensis They lived 6-7 million years ago in West Central Chad. They are known for their ape like and human features. They walked in an upright position, feature of the foreman magnum is what indicated them to be upright walkers. First fossils are 9 cranial specimens from Northern Chad. Michael Brunet,French paleontologist uncovered the fossils in 2001. The fossil was a TM-266-0606-1
humanorgans.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ -
Human genome is fully sequenced
A genome is a complete set of DNA, contains the genetic instructions needed to develop and direct activities of every organism. Sequencing is determining the exact order of base pairs in a segment of DNA. Human Genome is a form of cloning, and the primary method used is a map based/BAC based sequencing. Human DNA is broken down into pieces where they are then cloned into bacteria, which store and replicate human DNA so it can be prepared in quantities large enough for sequencing.
google.com -
Human Genome Is Fully Sequenced
The Human Genome was a project that tried to figure out the sequence that make up the human DNA. Also to identify and map all the genes of the human genome. This project took thirteen years. It first started in 1990 and was finished in 2003. This project helped to understand diseases like Cancer.
''Human Genome Project." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web.29 Nov.2016. -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
A finger bone fragment was found in the Alti mountains in Siberia. Its belonged to a juvenile girl 41,000 years ago, A Russian archeologist found the bone and nicknamed it “x woman”, attached was a bracelet that remained on the girl but excavated in the cave by the scientist -
Galen of Pergamon describes the Human Body
Galen was a Greek physician who practiced medicine and anatomy. To practice his medicine, he first had to learn how the human body worked. Galen first, studied the organs. He first would practice on animals. The first thing he discovered was how the kidney produced urine. Then how muscle and nerves were controlled. Even though Galen was a great physician he still made mistake.
Cristi.albu@gmail.com. "GALEN." Greek Medicine: Galen. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard L Bible was the third murder executed since 2011 in Arizona. He had just been released from prison. Thirteen months later he committed a horrible crime involving a thirteen year old girl being murdered. Police later figured Richard as the victim. After being caught and sentenced he was given the death penalty. He was later on executed by lethal injection.
"Richard Lynn Bible #1259." Richard Lynn Bible #1259. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Melselson and Stahl discovered what they called The most beautiful experiment in Biology. Their experiment involved answering the question, How does DNA replicate? After many long hours of trying to solve the question they figured it out. They called it Semi-conservative replication of DNA. It meant 2 strands would separate and serve as a template to copy a second strand.
@ibiology. "Meselson & Stahl, The Semi-Conservative Replication of DNA." IBiology. 05 Mar. 2016. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis was an American biologist who came up with a theory that made many scientist skeptical at first. Her theory was about mitochondria and chloroplast where from descendant of free-living bacterial species. At first her theory wasn't accepted. She then started writing books explaining her theories. Over time scientist accepted what she had to say.
"Endosymbiosis: Lynn Margulis." Endosymbiosis: Lynn Margulis. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
Barbra McClintock was a great scientist who came up with a great discovery called the Genetic Transposition. Which included DNA sequence that could change position within a genome sometimes reversing or creating mutations and changing the cell's size. She was given a Nobel prize for her discovery.
"Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary B. Mullis was a biochemist who invented the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This invention allows a specific of DNA to be copied million times in just a few hours. By inventing this it made scientist work much easier. This technique helped with studies and genetic analyses. This was also an inexpensive technique to use. Kary received a Nobel prize for his invention.
"Download Flash." Dr. Kary Banks Mullis. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
During 1977, hydrothermal vents were discovered, home for many species that were unknown. These vents are found near volcanically active place, area tectonic plates are moving apart and hotspots. These vents are able to have living species. Life is possible because of a processed named chemosynthesis its microbes at the base food chain convert chemical from vents to energy.
Institution, Smithsonian. "Hydrothermal Vent Creatures." Ocean Portal | Smithsonian. 23 Aug. 2016. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. -
The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world
The Challenge Oceanography occurred between 1872-1876. The sail was to collect data on ocean temperature, marine life and the seafloor. Also to test out theories. During this sail the six scientist and many workers discovered unknown species. This trip helped gather a lot of information, for example; made their first outline and discovering the deepest part of the ocean. Overall, this made other countries go explore.
"Actforlibraries.org." Actforlibrariesorg RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria in humans. It can be transmitted by a female mosquito. This disease is most often fatal and medically severe. Since 2015, theirs been 214 million cases of malaria and roughly 50% were caused by P falciparum. This disease effects children more than adults.
"Plasmodium Falciparum." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.
