-
Nov 17, 1500
Animism
Animism is the belief that the spirits of all objects were immortal, and existed outside of the bodies housing them. It was the religion held by the Native Americans before the arrival of the Europeans. -
Nov 17, 1500
Shamanism
Presence of a shaman, an intermediary between humans and spirits. Shamans were like a priest , he tried to heal people , he would be called upon to explain a dream.Like chiefs , they could not impose their will on the group (they can give their opinion on the dream but not force them to do anything) -
Nov 17, 1500
Social Relationships
- Respect for elders
- Traditions
- Freedom of actions (no written laws or private property)
-
Nov 17, 1500
Chiefs
In Nomadic societies , hunting was dominant .They represent the Tribe If an Algonquian hunter was particularly well spoken he might be chosen as the chief for the group in trading.The chief did not have any power of making decisions on his own.The Iroquois chief was a warrior. They were not rulers.They represented the group. The chief makes sure the rules and decision of the clan are followed -
Nov 17, 1500
Social Relationships
The Chiefs maintained their status by being generous
The governing principle of trades was reciprocity : a gift had to be given in return for every gift received , a practice whose goal was to maintain harmonious relationships between groups. Trades were occasions of festivities. Chiefs exchange gifts
These rituals were designed to preserve friendly relationships between groups. -
Nov 17, 1500
Dreams and Smoke to Communicate with Spirits
- Communicate with spirits
- Algonquians and Iroquoians saw tobacco smoke as a means of making contact with the spirits 3.Tobacco on a fire but Aboriginals more often smoked a pipe For all Aboriginal people : dreaming was a way that spirits could show themselves The dreams can sometimes somewhat predict the near or distant future (prophetic)
-
Nov 17, 1500
Cultural Consequence of the Encounter with the Europeans
The Europeans brought them tools and utensils made of iron , steel and brass. Objects became integrated into Aboriginal material culture. Brass pots were replaced in food preparation .Groups adopted the wearing of wool and cotton. As for food onions , cucumbers as well as bread and adopted the practice of keeping orchards for fruit. In addition , Europeans imported domestic animals (pigs), providing meat without hunting -
Nov 17, 1500
Cultural Consequence of the Encounter with the Europeans
Before the arrival of the Europeans : Aboriginals waged war with bows , knives and clubs.Rifles contributed to making Aboriginal wars more deadly. Epidemics resulting from the encounter with the Europeans that were at the basis of the decimation of the Aboriginals population -
Nov 17, 1500
Everyday practices
The colonists adapted the “French Style” to a “Canadien - Style” including a winter coat with a hood. Shoes and clogs were abandoned in favor of moccasins. The colonists improved moccasins by waterproofing them. Most colonists wore hats with flaps or a woolen tuque.The colonists adopted Aboriginal means of travel Snowshoes ,Sleds,Canoes. They introduced native products like : Squash ,Corn and Maple syrup. -
Period: Nov 17, 1500 to
Culture and Current of Thought
-
Catholicism
Catholicism is was the main religion in New France. It was a religion held by the French. Catholicism was mainly in the French Regime while the French were in control. -
Absolutism
A political ideology by which the ruler receives their powers from God, and they are the sole ruler and representative of God on Earth. It was the way of distributing power in the colony. -
Ursulines
The Ursulines settled in Quebec city in 1639 , where they founded an institution intended for religious education of young Aboriginal women. They also looked after the teaching the city’s young French women. -
Where did the Church have Power?
Basically , the Church had all the power during the French Regime : + Priests were in charge of parishes
+ Priests worked as missionaries
+ Nuns worked in hospitals and schools
+ Sunday was a no work day and you would have to go to church
+ Priests were trained at the Seminary - only the brightest could go and study
+ Money was collected through the church tax called tithe
+ Most people were extremely religious so Catholicism was central to their lives -
Parish Framework
The priest had to watch to see that the institutions of the Church were respected. The priest had to keep a register of the parishioners that attended mass and received communion , and it wasn’t uncommon for the bishop of Quebec to order priests to refuse absolution to those that did not submit to these obligations.The parish was also a place for social interactions and gatherings. -
The British Merchant’s Demands
These merchants noticed that the French laws were still in effect in the colony , did not allow for a political representation of the people. These colonists , like those in the 13 colonies , demanded the opportunity to enjoy the same rights as British subjects in the mother country. -
Constitutional Monarchy
Under the constitutional monarchy , the following fundamental individual rights were guaranteed by law :
Sharing the power between the monarch and the people
The right to be represented in the Parliament
Habeas corpus : which granted the British subjects the right not to be detained arbitrarily or without due process
Freedom of expression , and freedom of the press -
The Development of the Partisan Press After 1791
In 1792 , the first elections in Lower Canada were held. A Canadien majority was elected. The growing opposition lead to the formation of 2 parties : the Parti Canadien and the British Party. These parties attacked one another in newspapers.The Quebec Mercury (1805) : defended the English demands. It encouraged to put the Canadiens in a minority and the end of French Civil Law .Le Canadien (1806) : defended the French demands. -
Nationalism
Nationalism identifies a nation as a group sharing common characteristics and with that, they belong to a nation. This went on during the revolts. French Canadians got the idea of Canadiens Nationalism, they wanted their own government and wanted to live in a french catholic nation.English Nationalism: English wanted the Canada to be run like a british colony -
Republicanism
Republicanism is an ideology suggesting that people should govern themselves. This was going on during the revolts. After the failure of the Patriotes rebellions, some of the French Canadians adopted a more radical point of view when it came to nationalism. This became known as republicanism. Like nationalism, French Canadian republicans wanted to protect the French language and culture. -
Liberalism
1760 - 1840 :
A political ideology based on individuals having equal fundamental rights. Liberal ideas were spread through the press, and these ideas soon turned into political demands.This led to the demands of the British merchants and Canadian professionals for a legislative assembly. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic Church dominates in every way, including political power.
After 1840, as liberal ideas were gaining traction, the Church wanted to reclaim its authority. So, ultramontanism came to be. Ultramontanists wanted the Church to dominate in every way. -
Anticlericalism
Opinion that the clergy shouldn’t be involved in political life, or censor cultural and intellectual life. Opposed to Ultramontanism. After 1840, liberal ideas continued to spread through the press. In 1844, some French Canadians opened the Institut Canadien de Montreal , a place for intellectual discussion. The Church was very much opposed to this. -
The Church , Education and Social Services
Denomination school system was established
Remained in place until the Quiet Revolution
The Catholic Church was involved in all levels of education , from elementary school to university , which was reached only after first attending classical college
Education was not compulsory at the time
But the literacy rate among the French Canadian population increased -
Church , Education and Social Services
Higher education remained accessible to only a minority of people and girls were not admitted.
The few schools , run by nuns , that were open to girls concentrated on domestic life
The Church imposed its values by the way of these institutions -
Capitalism
Economic system in which private companies run the economy. It benefits the rich and the poor people stay poor. Capitalism emerged with industrialization, because wealthy people opened factories and had people work there for a very low salary. This allowed for the rich to get richer and the poor to stay poor, as the wealth accumulated for the business owners. This also caused cities to divide up by socioeconomic status. -
French Canadian Nationalism
French Canadian nationalism remained survival
nationalism. Concerns about French Canadians leaving to the United States (exodus) is rising
Solution = Agriculturalism : opening new regions of colonization and modernizing agriculture -
Imperialism
An ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic and/or military dominated exerted by the Mother Country on the colony. This occurred during the British Regime. With the change of empire, the English Canadians were imperialists, they believed in Great Britain exerting its control over the colony. -
British Regime
The Conquest entailed a change of empire and transformed the social makeup of the colony , British people were immigrating. British immigration was going on and a spread of new intellectual movements . The 1837 - 1838 uprisings and the subsequent passing of the Act of Union in 1849 , enabled the Church to increase its influence over colonial society. -
Canadian Imperialism
British North America Act was meant to protect the Catholic faith and the French language within Canada. Convinced that the sense of belonging to Canada should manifest itself in both founding nations , Henri Bourassa thought that Canadians should unite to defend Canada’s autonomy with regard to Great Britain.
World War 1 Conflict :
Imperialists = conscription (forced to go to war)
Henri Bourassa + nationalists = voluntary participation -
Feminism and Reformism
Made up of women from the British business class and the French Canadian bourgeoisie.These women believed that as part of their duty as mothers,was to concern themselves with education and health. Reformist women therefore saw this social involvement as part of their duties.The Catholic church and the supporters of survival of nationalism weren’t alone in rejecting feminist demands
In 1922 , a petition asking the government not to grant women the right to vote was published in the newspaper. -
Church Conservatism
Catholic Church promoted a traditional way of life and values it judged essential for the survival of the identity and culture of French Canada. In the 1920’s , the bishop published several letters in which they condemned dancing , movies and theatres :
Tried to close theatres
Keep sunday as a holy day
Managed to ban some films -
Socialism
Ideology against the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. No private ownerships and against capitalism.
It was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Communism
Wanted the end of the capitalist system and social classes by sharing everything. It was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Fascism
Restoration of a traditional order by authoritarian means.
It was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Americanism and Secularism after the Second World War
After World War 2 , Quebec was very prosperous , this traditionalism and the influence of the Catholic Church on Quebec society were increasingly called into question .More $ = better lifestyle and more time to spend ;Americanism = bad for the Catholic church ; new habits of consumption .Secularism : Separation of church + state -
Secularization Continued (1905 - on)
Second World War : criticism of traditionalism became more varied.it was defended by the Church the Duplessis government and the alliance between Church and state,The main critics of traditionalism were artists and intellectuals.1948 :a group of artists published Refus Global,a manifesto (an idea of the way the population should live) that denounced the Catholic Church and its traditional values, which they held responsible for what they considered to be the province's cultural backwardness. -
Feminism
A social movement in which women fight for suffrage and social/economic/political equality.Women wanted to improve the status of women and ensure legal and societal equality between men and women. An example of an organization that contributed to this was the Front de LIberation des Femmes. In the 1970s, feminism diversified to defend different races, sexualities, classes, etc. -
State Intervention after 1960
The death of Maurice Duplessis in 1959 allowed governments who advocated interventionism to obtain power. The state took control of education , health and social services and also became active in the area of culture -
Neoliberalism
Laissez faire attitude.The idea that the government should not intervene in the economy and should let it run on its own
Neoliberalism was needed to keep Quebec more competitive in the global market -
Nationalization and Secularization of Education
Jean Lesage's Liberal provincial government , elected in 1960 introduced a series of measures. In 1961 , school attendance was made free compulsory up to the age of 15, In 1964 , the year the Ministry of Education was created , the Catholic Church lost its stronghold on education .However , the education system remained confessional meaning that school boards were either Catholic or Protestant and the religious instruction continued to be provided -
Nationalism from 1950 - 1995 (2)
Other independantistes wanted more radical changes. They chose other means to make themselves heard besides forming a party. This was the case of militants who , beginning in 1963 , joined Front de Liberation du Québec (FLQ). THe FLQ held anti colonial and socialist views , and believed that Quebec could only attain independence through armed struggle -
Rene Levesque
Founded the Sovereignty Association Movement. They believed that the independence of Quebec would allow them to defend in the economy , culture and political interests of the French Canadian Nation. In 1968 , the SAM and RIN united,forming the Parti Quebecois.They held 2 referendums to obtain permission from the population of Quebec to negotiate independence with the Canadian government. The population refused to give the PQ that mandate. In the second referendum the people refused again -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginal peoples began to assert their concept of the nation
Large hydroelectric projects of the 1960s and 1970s required the flooding of lands necessary for maintaining the traditional way of life for some Aboriginal peoples. The provincial government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 , and promised to consult the Inuit and that Innus regarding everything that concerned them -
OKA Crisis
Mohawk nation upset that a golf course wants to expand on ancestral landCanadian Army called in to protect locals and fight against the warriors The mohawks were fighting for their rights and wanted the Canadian / Provincial growth the acknowledge them -
Nationalism from 1950 - 1995
The Rally for the National Independence (RIN), promoted nationalism .The RIN was inspired by the decolonization movements. They argued that independence would free them from colonialism.The RIN viewed the French language and culture as the main characteristics of the nation. They also followed socialism , and maintained that the government of an independent Quebec should intervene in order to control the economy and correct the distributions of wealth but without eliminating private businesses
