Berlin to Sarajevo

By MS21550

  • The Bulgarian Crisis

    The Bulgarian Crisis
    • Bulgaria no longer wanted Russian Interference
    • Eastern Rumelia proclaims union with Bulgaria
    • Bulgarian Parliament offers throne to German Prince Ferdinand
    • Opposed by Russia, supported by Austria, tensions grow
    • Bismarck publishes terms of Dual Alliance (1879) - If Russia attacked Germany would back up Austria - If Austria attacked, she would fight Russia alone
    • Neither countries prepared to fight over Bulgaria, tensions cease

  • The Armenian Massacres

    The Armenian Massacres
    • Armenia, province in the south-east area of the Black Sea
    • A large Orthodox Christian population
    • Were ruled by the Muslim Turks (Ottomans)
    • Persecuted Armenians for their faith
    • After an uprising in 1894 Ottomans carried out a series of massacres until 1896
    • Observed no distinction between age or gender (children massacred as well)
    • Massacre received extensive media coverage in Western Europe and the United States
    • Ottomans saved from action by disagreements amongst powers

  • The Cretan Uprising

    The Cretan Uprising
    • Ottoman Empire ruled the Island of Crete (10% Muslim minority)
    • Main inhabitants were Christian Greeks
    • The Christians rose up against the Muslims, resulting in brief civil war
    • In 1896 Greece declared war and sent troops to the Island - Defeated by the Turks
    • Great powers intervened, Crete given self-governing rights in 1908
    • Became Greek in 1913

  • The Bosnian Annexation Crisis

    The Bosnian Annexation Crisis
    • Taking advantage of the trouble in the Ottoman Empire Austria Hungary takes full control over Bosnia and Herzegovina (formerly part of the Ottoman Empire)
    • Frustrated Serb nationalists who sought independence
    • The 1909 treaty of Berlin accepted the annexation
    • Crisis damaged relations between Austria, Serbia, Italy, and Russia
    • Appeared as Austro-Hungarian victory
    • Resulted in hastened military buildup of Russian Empire

  • Young Turk Revolution

    Young Turk Revolution
    • Young Turks, group of nationalists
    • Led by Enver Bay, future officer in WWI and both Balkan Wars
    • With army support, advocated introduction of a constitutional parliament
    • Forced Sultan to introduce reforms in 1908
    • Unsuccessful counter-coup in 1909, Sultan replaced by his brother

  • The First Balkan War

    The First Balkan War
    • Continued Ottoman persecution of slavic countries
    • Led to formation of the Balkan League, included Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece
    • League aimed at driving the Ottomans out of Europe (spec. Slavic Areas) and declared war
    • The combined armies of the Balkan States overcame the numerically and strategically inferior Ottomans and achieved rapid success
    • After 7 months of fighting (1913) the Ottomans were left with only Constantinople

  • The Treaty of London

    The Treaty of London
    • Signed on the 30th May 1913
    • Dealt with the territorial adjustments of the First Balkan War
    • Austria demanded Serbia and Montenegro to leave the Adriatic Coast, led to creation of the state of Albania
    • Constantinople left to Turkey, remainder divided between Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria

  • The Second Balkan War

    The Second Balkan War
    • Shortly after the Treaty of London war broke out between the Balkan League
    • Bulgaria was unhappy with the terms and attacked Serbia
    • The Greeks and Romanians, fearing Bulgaria, decided to support the Serbs
    • The Ottomans intervened to gain Adrianople
    • The Treaty of Bucharest signed after this short war, meant a loss of great areas to Serbia, Greece, Romania, and Turkey

  • The Treaty of Lausanne

    The Treaty of Lausanne
    • Peace Treaty signed five years after the end of WWI
    • Defined the modern day borders of the Turkish Republic
    • Turkey gave up all claims to the remainder of the Ottoman Empire, in return, it received full sovereignty within its new borders.