AP World

formation of Hinduism in India

Period: 800 BCE to 300 BCE

Works of Confucius (china) & Buddha (india)

500 BCE

Buddhism origins

Period: 500 BCE to 400 BCE

Silk Road trade begins

100 BCE

Roman Empire

Period: 27 to 476

Origins of Islam

Period: 610 to 613

Abbasid Caliphate

Period: 750 to 1258

Islamic empire

Song dynasty

Period: 960 to 1279

Filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism.
Grand Canal expanded.
Heavy use of champa rice, which was resistant to drought.
This was a lot of work to irrigate, so there was a heavy reliance on farmers.
Lots of steel and porcelain exports.
Artisans made porcelain.
Used paper money.

Great Schism

1054

Orthodox vs. Catholic

Seljuk Turks overthrow Buyids

1055

control the Abbasid caliphate through puppet rulers

Christian Crusades

Period: 1095 to 1492

Series of "holy wars" where Christians tried to take back Muslim land

100 Year's War

Period: 1137 to 1453

Britain vs France over lands & French succession

Life of Genghis Khan

Period: 1162 to 1227

-khangan of Mongols
-consulted w/Confucian scholars about ruling, Muslims engineers about weapons, & Daoist holy men about immortality

Delhi Sultanate

Period: 1206 to 1526

Mostly Turkish people who had converted to Islam (outside of the caliphate).
Some blending of Hindu and Islamic traditions. Hindu vs Muslims in India

Mongol Empire

Period: 1206 to 1368

-attacked Tangut, Jurchens, then used captured Chinese commanders to overcome walled cities (used catapults)
-Capital at Karakorum
-bows & cavalry
-tolerated other religions
-Ogedai (son) as khangan after Genghis dies
-Golden Horde (Batu lead in Russia)
-Hulegu in Islamic empires
-Kubilai in China
-Mongols protected trade (contribute to spread of Black Plague)
FELL BECAUSE OF:
-plague, resistance (Moscow princes), over expansion, hatred of conquered peoples

Magna Carta

1215

King John forced to sign
"parliaments"
House of Lords (nobles that talked about politics & advised king) & House of Commons (landowenrs & wealthy merchants that discussed trade & taxes)

Mongols sack Baghdad

1258

Abbasid dynasty falls

Rule of Kubilai Khan

Period: 1260 to 1294

-Mongols in China
-wife is Chabi
-they invited many foreigners to court
-kepts mongols and ethnic chinese very separate
-did not reinstate civil service exams
-his successors were weak & lazy

Yuan dynasty

Period: 1279 to 1368

Ottoman Empire

Period: 1299 to 1922

Italian Renaissance

Period: 1300 to 1450

Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

1324

-Muslim ruler of Mali empire
-went on a pilgrimage through Africa (to Mecca)
-spent A BUNCH of gold
-crashed the Econs. of several African kingdoms

Tenochitlan founded

1325

Ibn Battuta's travels

Period: 1325 to 1354

Ashikaga shogunate

Period: 1338 to 1573

Black Plague (main/first wave)

Period: 1346 to 1353

-killed millions of people
-started in China
-spread along trade routes (Mongols)
-lead to loosening of serfdom in Euro
-interesting religious occurrences (some viewed plague as punishment by God)

Reign of Hongwu emperor

Period: 1368 to 1398

-Zhu Yuanzheng
-overthrew Mongols & established Ming dynasty
-got rid of Mongol influences (dress & names)
-re-stablished civil service exams
-harsh beatings & humiliation for scholar-gentry if found corrupt

Ming dynasty

Period: 1368 to 1644

-got rid of Mongol influences

Age of Exploration

Period: 1400 to 1600

-Euro voyagers (Portugal, then Spain, then England/France)
-trade routes
-established Columbian Exchange CAUSES:
-competition between Euro
-Christianity conversion
-tech finally got to Euro (compass, astrolabe, sails, caravals)
-mercantilism (wanted colonies because "free" raw goods & new markets for finished goods) EFFECTS:
-demographic changes (African slaves, diseases in LatAm, pop growth in Eurasia because of American crops)
-the Euro got very rich

Voyages of Zheng He

Period: 1405 to 1433

-Chinese junks
-originally to demonstrate Chinese power, trade, & demand tribute
ENDED BECAUSE OF:
-hatred of Confucians bureaucrats towards Zheng He
-financial strain -the belief that Chinese goods were better anyway -trade w/ S.E. Asia cont.

Aztec Empire

Period: 1428 to 1521

Built chinampas-- "floating gardens" or islands for agriculture over their swampy land.
Human sacrifice & cannibalism
Advanced economy, trade, and governmental systems.

Inca Empire

Period: 1438 to 1533

Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing.
Extensive road system.
Terrace farming.
Used mita system as labor system-- everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form
llamas

Northern Renaissance

Period: 1450 to 1600

Ivan III frees Russia from Mongols

1462

Moscow princes

Batholomew Dias' Voyage

1488

He sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope). His voyage showed that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other.

Spain united through marriage

1491

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marry & unite most of Spain under monarchy
Allied with Catholic Church

Christopher Columbus in West Indies

1492

Convinced Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain to go west to get to India, landed in Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

Portugal & Spain, splitting the world along longitudinal line
Portugal got India/China & Brazil (east)
Spain got Americas (west)

Vasco de Gama' Voyage

1497

Portuguese navigator who rounded Cape of Good Hope, traveled up E. African coast, & got to India

Commercial Revolution

Period: 1500 to 1600

in the West

Safavid Empire

Period: 1501 to 1736

Shi'a

First Spanish colonies in LatAm

1509

Martin Luther writes 95 theses

1517

-outlined frustrations w/ church practices
-condemned the selling of indulgences
-claimed that salvation should be directly given by God (and people should appeal to him, not the church)

Hernando Cortés

1519

Spanish conquistador who conquered Aztecs using:
-allied with tribute states who hated & feared Aztecs
-gunpowder weapons
-horses
-disease (smallpox)

Columbian Exchange

Period: 1525 to 1866

Americas:
-furs, whale oil, sugar, rice, tobacco, wood to Euro
West Euro:
-guns, cloth, alcohol to Africa
-manufactured goods/luxuries to Americas
Africa (mainly west coast):
-Gold, ivory & spices to Euro
-Slaves to West Indies/Americas

Mughal dynasty

Period: 1526 to 1858

Francisco Pizarro

1531

Spanish conqueror of Inca empire using:
-diseases
-Inca's enemies
-advanced weapons
-current emperor weak because of civil war

Life of Ivan IV

Period: 1533 to 1584

-Ivan the Terrible
-executed/exiled suspected traitors
-emphasized centralization & tsar authority
-reduced boyar power
-killed his son & heir in fit of rage

Reign of Elizabeth I

Period: 1555 to 1603

Rule of Akbar

Period: 1556 to 1605

Jesuits arrive in China

Period: 1580 to 1590

Scientific Revolution

Period: 1600 to 1700

Tokugawa shogunate

Period: 1603 to 1868

Time of Troubles (russia)

Period: 1604 to 1613

Romanov dynasty

Period: 1613 to 1917

Michael
Alexis
Peter I

Christianity banned in Japan

1614

30 Year's War

Period: 1618 to 1648

Religious war, Roman Catholics vs. Protestants in Germany

Japan moves into self-isolation

Period: 1640 to 1650

English Civil War

Period: 1642 to 1649

-King Charles I vs. supporters of Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell)
-Charles executed & Commonwealth occurred for 11 years

Reign of Louis XIV

Period: 1643 to 1715

Absolute monarch, built Versailles, "I am the state"

Manchu Qing dynasty

Period: 1644 to 1911

Serfdom made hereditary by law

1649

Dutch establish colony at Cape of Good Hope

1652

The Enlightenment

Period: 1680 to 1820

-humankind in relation to gov
-social equality & human rights

Glorious Revolution & John Locke

Period: 1688 to 1690

-Glorious Rev: deposed James 2 & Parliament asserts rights over monarchy
-John Locke: people have right to revolts against tyrants + all people have natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
-parliamentary monarchies
-some religious toleration

Reign of Peter the Great

Period: 1689 to 1725

-Westernization (went undercover to West)
-St.Petersburg (window to the west) & invited Western artists/scholars/etc
-Women in Western fashions & men cut off beards
-Made 1st Russian navy & adopted Western military organization
-cruel against enemies & those suspected of treason

Enlightenment

Period: 1700 to 1800

War of Spanish Succession

Period: 1701 to 1714

-England, Holy Roman Empire, & German princes thought that Spain and France could join together
-settled by Philip V getting to rule Spain, but Spain couldn't combine w/France & France had to give lands to England

Seven Year's War

Period: 1756 to 1763

-France vs. Britain over land claims in N.America
-eventually spread to other parts of world
-partially caused American Revolution

Battle of Plassey

1757

The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757.
-marked the beginning of British supremacy in India

Industrial Revolution

Period: 1760 to 1840

-agricultural rev again
-urbanization
-domestic system, cotton gin, waterpower factories, steam engine (James Watt)
-lightbulb, telegraph, radio, telephone
-Charles Darwin
-vaccines
-assembly line
-women & children in factories
-capitalism

Adam Smith- "Wealth of Nations"

1761

States/rulers should welcome a free market economy, Govs. shouldn't have meddle too much

Reign of Catherine the Great

Period: 1762 to 1796

-serfdom harsher in exchange for nobles being engaged in bureaucracy rather than as a separate entity
-Westernization (picky)

Pugachev revolt

Period: 1773 to 1775

peasant uprising, crushed by Catherine & used as excuse to centralize further

American Revolution

Period: 1775 to 1783

-taxation without representation
-Enlightenment ideas
-hated mercantilism + colonialism Econ exploitation
-French aid (rivalry w/British)

French Revolution (what a mess)

Period: 1789 to 1799

-Louis XVI needs money & wants to tax, calls Estates-General (hasn't met in forever because of divine right)
-Third Estate did National Assembly & Declaration of the Rights of Man
-Convention
-Committee of Public Safety
-5 Man Directory
-Napolean

Mary Wollstonecraft being a girl boss

1792

-"Vindication of the Rights of Women"
-in context of Enlightenment
-one of OG feminists

Haiti slave revolt

1792

Napoleonic Era

Period: 1799 to 1815

Napoleonic Codes: equality of French men (Enlightenment ideas), paternalistic
-conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, & Italian kingdoms
-failed to attack Russian (during winter)
-Allies finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
-Congress of Vienna (rearranged French boundaries)

Father Hidalgo in Mexico

1810

leads rebellion for independence from Spain

Brazil gets independence

1822

Empire established under Dom Pedro I

Monroe Doctrine

1823

-U.S. would intervene in financial disputes between LatAm and Euro if it would "maintain the peace"
-no more colonization or "puppet rulers" in Americas
-British supported cocky U.S. because feared Spain becoming too powerful

Decembrist Revolt

1825

-pro-Western army officers
-failed & repression stiffened
-led to more secret police & newspapers/schools supervised

Boers do Great Trek

1834

in S. Africa

China's Century of Humiliation

Period: 1839 to 1949

-Opium Wars
-White Lotus Rebellions (Buddhists frustrated over taxes and gov. corruption)
-Taiping Rebellion (Christian zealot, almost brought down Manchu gov.)
-Self-Strengthening Movement (attempts at industrialization that weren't as successful as Japan)
-1883 Sino-French War (lost Vietnam, French establish French Indochina)
-1894 Sino-Japanese War (imperial Japan) + resulting treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) -- forced give Taiwan & trading rights like Euro

Tanzimat Reforms in Otto Empire

Period: 1839 to 1876

Westernization (universities, railways, state postal system) + legal reforms
-new constitution

1st Opium War

Period: 1839 to 1842

-the Manchu emperor forbid further sale/use of opium & seized British opium in Canton in 1893
-British started the Opium War & won

Treaty of Nanjing

1842

-first of "unequal treaties"
-Britain given more rights to trade w/China As a result of the 1st Opium War: Britain took Hong Kong as possession & forced China to allow Christian missionaries

Rise of Marxism (Communist Manifesto)

1848

-capitalism is limited factory workers' opportunities
-workers would eventually revolt & establish workers' paradise
-foundation of socialism & communism

Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in China

1853

arrives on steamboat & uses threats of bombardment to get Japan to sign Treaty of Kanazawa (1854) --- trade treaty skew in U.S. & other countries' favor

Crimean War

Period: 1854 to 1856

-Russia vs. Otto (supported by West)
-Otto won because of West industrialized
-led to Alexander 2 reforms -zemstvos, military promotion by merit, trans-Siberian railroad Also, Sergei Witte (1892-1903) & foreign investment/high tariffs

2nd Opium War

Period: 1856 to 1860

-China resisted British attempts at trade = 2nd war
-Chinese lost again
-Britain got even more trading concessions
-spheres of Euro influence in China

Sepoy Mutiny

Period: 1857 to 1859

-Indian soldiers employed by the British
-learned that their bullet cartridges (which they had to bite off) were coated in pork & beef fat
-they revolted for 2 years, but failed
-as a result, in 1859, the British parliament took control of India from the East India Company and made all of India a colony

Serfdom abolished in Russia (Emancipation Edict)

1861

-by Alexander 2
-didn't really help because of land owned to gov & bad circumstances in cities & factories

American Civil War

Period: 1861 to 1865

-slavery
-morals vs. Econ
-North vs. South

Meiji Restoration

Period: 1868 to 1889

-Japanese westernization
-railways + steamships
-abolished class system
-followed after Tokugawa shogunate

Porfirio Diaz runs Mexico

Period: 1876 to 1911

Berlin Conference

1884

-hosted by Otto von Bismarck
-Euro claims in African Congo
-ignored traditional African tribe & ethnic lines; temporarily prevented Africans from organizing against Euro + disrupted culture

Boxer Rebellion

Period: 1899 to 1901

-anti-imperialist & anti-Christian
-goal was to drive out Japanese & euro
-adopted guerilla warfare, killed missionaries
-Foreign reinforcements quickly put it down
-as a result, China forced to sign Boxer Protocol (China pay for Euro & Japanese costs & formally apologize)

Civil service exams eliminated in China

1905

Russian Revolution

1905

-happened because of anger at lost to Japanese in 1904
-led to peasant reforms & Duma (parliament)

colonists rule in S.Africa & apartheid

Period: 1910 to 1994

-APARTHEID
-50s, Nelson Mandela led African National Congres, orig. non-violent, then violent
-arrested (1964), in 90s he was released
-gov. negotiated & crumbled
-in 1994, apartheid abolished
-Nelson Mandela become prez in first open & free election in nation

World War 1

Period: 1914 to 1918

-Allies vs. Central Powers Causes:
-Archduke Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) assassinated by Serbian nationalist
-military build-up in Germany
-Britain joins to protect France after Germany invades through Belgium During:
-trench warfare
-poison gas, barbed wire, machine guns
-Home Front (rations & total war)
-10 mill soldiers dead & 10 mill civilians (starvation) + 21 mill wounded Ended:
-Americans joined in 1917
-Germany signs armistice 1918
-Treaty of Versailles in 1919

Lenin in power (Russia)

Period: 1917 to 1924

-institutes New Economic Policy (private initiatives)
-led Bolsheviks, Marxist leader
-signed armistice w/Germany in 1918, taking Russia out of WW1

Treaty of Versailles

1919

-Germany demilitarizes, formally takes blame, pays reparations, & give lands

Sun Yat-sen in power

Period: 1919 to 1925

-led Chinese Rev of 1911
-founded Guomindang (nationalist)
-succesor Chiang Kai-Shek

Mohandas Gandhi being a boss

Period: 1920 to 1930

-agressive non-violent protest
-strikes, mass demonstrations, & boycotts
-inspired MLK

Soviet Union

Period: 1922 to 1991

-communist in Russia

Benito Mussolini in power (Italy)

Period: 1922 to 1943

-founded the first fascist state
-used nationalism to expand in N. Africa
-inspired by Hitler's success to try for conquest of Ethiopia

Stalin in power in Russia

Period: 1924 to 1953

-Five-Year Plans (industrialization)
-collectivization
-terror tactics
-secret police force
-bogus trials & assassinations
-"Great Purge"

Chiang Kai-Shek in power

Period: 1928 to 1947

-succeded Sun Yat-sen
-fought w/communits (Mao) -- worked together against Japanese
-attacked & caused Long March
-his wife was for traditional female roles

Great Depression

Period: 1929 to 1939

-stock market crash in U.S.
-everyone borrowing money from U.S.
-weak econ.

Adolf Hitler in power

Period: 1933 to 1945

-head of Nazi party
-took back Rhineland in 1935
-formed alliance w/Japan in 1937
-Munich Conference of 1938 = Hitler given Sutenland without Czechoslovakia's consent (appeasement)
-Hitler invades remaining territories in Czechoslovakia in 1939 -signed Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939 -- non-agression pact & quickly Germany marched into Poland -HATED JEWS

Rape of Nanjing

1937

-10ks of Chinese women raped & 250k slaughtered by Japanese troops
-pillaged coastal cities/towns

World War 2

Period: 1939 to 1945

Causes:
-Treaty of Versailles
-Japan against Guomindang
-Hitler elected bcz of Great Depression During:
-Japan invades China
-blitzkreig
-Battle of Britain
-Germany invades Greece & Russia
-Japan bombs Pearl Harbor bcz sanctions (1941)
-Manhattan Project
-Normandy (1944) - D-Day
-Stalingrad
-Hitler suicide & Germany surrender
-U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
-Japan surrender Effects:
-support for Jewish homeland
-superpowers (Cold War)
-Japan demilitarize
-decolonization

Battle of Britain

1940

-Nazi air bombing campaign in Britain
-British succeeded in keeping Germans out w/radar, but many died

United Nations established

1945

-the primary goal to mediate/intervene in international disputes
-expanded beyond politics & increasingly involved in monitoring human rights (after Holocaust came to light)

Soviet Union takeover of E. Euro

Period: 1945 to 1948

-puppet states
-suppressing anti-communist forces

Cold War

Period: 1945 to 1991

-Russia vs U.S.
-arms & space race
-influence in W. Euro (Germany split & Berlin wall)
-supporting corresponding systems in new nations
-complicated decolonization
-Vietnam, Korea, & Cuba

Marshall Plan

1947

-U.S. gives billions of dollars to West. Euro (not E. because of Iron Curtain) for reconstruction
-allows Euro to spend money on other things (like welfare)

Truman Doctrine

1947

U.S. states that it will aid countries threatened by communist takeovers

Britain separates India into India and Pakistan

1947

-Muhammad Ali Jinnah led this mvm
-after India's indp, bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims
-millions fled & immigration (nearly 1/2 mill killed)

NATO formed

1949

Western blob forms military alliance

Mao Zedong in power

Period: 1949 to 1976

-led Communist Party
-established People's Republic of China
-100 Flowers Campaign (1957)
-Great Leap Forward (late 50s)
-China tests first atomic bomb (1964)
-Cultural Rev (Red Guards, universities shut down, kill the elite, Little Red Book) 1996
-favorable towards women
-toppled by pragmatists

Korean War

Period: 1950 to 1953

-North vs South
-the swoosh swoosh swoosh

Warsaw Pact created

1955

-military alliance of Eastern blob
-ended in 1991

Vietnam War

Period: 1955 to 1975

-similar to Korea (north vs south)
-U.S. backed Viet Cong, but then abandoned & Vietnam fell to communists

Fidel Castro in power (Cuba)

Period: 1959 to 2011

-overthrew Batista Dictatorship
-became a communist one himself
-U.S. places econ. embargo on Cuba
-1961, Bay of Bigs invasion (cuban exiles) fails
-Cuban missile crisis

OPEC created

1960

-petroleum cartel (ex. Venezuela)
-70s, cut supply & prices soared
-cant' control members, so no longer as powerful (indiv. nations still wield power over global econ.)

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962

-Soviet missiles in Cuba (because of Bay of Pigs Invasion)
-U.S. said if they weren't removed, US would attack Russia
-Soviets said they would remove missiles if US wouldn't attack Cuba
-when soviet union fell, Cuba lost econ backer

Mikhail Gorbachev in power

Period: 1985 to 1991

-Soviet Union
-glasnost & perestroika (restructuring of econ)
-nuclear arms treatises w/US
-not a girls girl

Spanish-American War of 1898

1989

-U.S. vs Spain --- ended Spanish colonial in Americas
-U.S. gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, & Phillipenes + Cuba given independence in exchange for concessions to the U.S. (ex. 2 naval bases)

Persian Gulf War

Period: 1990 to 1991

-forces led by U.S. against Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait (for the oil)
-Kuwait liberated, Iraq had to limit its military activities, & have sanctions -Hussein still in power

Soviet Union disintegrates

1991

Bosnian genocide

1992

-Christian Serbian raped & killed Bosnian and Albanian muslims in act of "ethnic cleansing" after dissolution of Yugoslavia
-led to involvement of UN troops in 90s

NAFTA takes effect

1994

-established free trade zone between Canada, U.S., and Mexico
-caused Mexico to have strong ties to U.S. & immigration

Rwandan Genocide

1994

-rulers Tutsis vs. majority Hutus
-tribal rivalries
-after Rwandan indp, Hutu revolts
-800k Tutsis dead & 2 mill mostly Hutu refugees

Boris Yeltsin resigns & Putin comes to power

1999

-KGB agent
-Russian "demo"
-assassinations, corruption, crackdown on free press
-still rules to present day

9/11 (terrorist attack)

Jan 11, 2001

-Al-Qaeda took control of 4 American passenger jets
-2 into World Trade Center (towers fell & killed 2.5k people)
-1 into the Pentagon & 1 into field in Pennsylvania
-almost 3k total casualties
-US responded by launching a War on Terror

Paris Agreement

2016

-nations agreed to keep global warming below 1.5C more than pre-industrial levels
-there was no way to enforce this
-US officially withdrew in 2020