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Napoleon Defeats Prussia
Causes Prussia to pass patriotic reforms like a merit-based army and modernization of training cadets. -
Prussia Abolishes Estates System and Serfdom
Result of the patriotic reforms from their defeat by Naopleon -
Period: to
Young Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini's revolutionary group used revolts to prove their points -
King Ludwig I of Bavaria Grants Press Freedoms
Inspired by the French, Bavarians revolted and forced the king to make this reform. This reform inspired others, and many other kings were forced to implement liberal reforms. It also forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a Prussian Constitution. -
Creation of the Zollverein
Free trade union for most German states except for Austria. Fostered lots of trade. -
Young Italy Invasion of Sardinia
Mazzini's Young Italy revolution style got Mazzini exiled after this invasion on Sardinia -
Implementation of Railways
Grew more trade in the Zollverein -
Period: to
First Opium War
Europeans wanted free trade and the right to open schools in China. All about how Brits couldn't trade OPium but did anyways. Solved with the TREATY OF NANJING which allowed Brits rights to be in 5 cities and have the Hong Kong port. -
Period: to
Reign of Frederick William IV
Prussian conservative moody king. Initially promised liberal reforms, but responded to a textile weaver revolt with the ARMY! He also opposed Constitutions and sharing his power. -
Austro-Hungarian Tensions Erupt
Kossuth demands representation from Austrians
Students and artisans attack Austrian palace
Create committee of citizens and national guard
Hapsburgs shut down university
makes people more angry
Metternich flees Government says ok, well give u male suffrage, house of rep. no troops in Vienna, end of serfdom, and Bohemian Diet -
Italian March on Austrian Palace
Demanded reform -
Period: to
Frankfurt Assebly
Elected 800 professional moderately liberal German delegated.
Expected to draft a Constitution for a unified Germany Had NO resources, NO legal code, NO army. "Great Germany" plan vs. "Small Germany" Pushed forth a Constitution with the less popular Small Germany plan after Austrian Emperor withdrew support. Asked Fred Will IV to take the throne. Frederick William refused constitution, and they all went home after some protest. -
Passing of the March Laws
Ferdinand I is forced to accept laws which:
-Grant freedom of speech and press
-Lowered suffrage req.
-No serfdom
-No noble privilege -
Kossuth Severs Ties with Austria
Franz Josef calls up Europe
He and 300000 troops show up to suppress the Magyars -
Student and Worker revolt
Austrians came in and restored order
bye bye Slavs -
Bolognan Workers Challenge Pope
Followed by Popular Revolt -
Period: to
Roman Republic
Mazzini is back! -
300,000 Russian Army defeats Magyars
enough said -
Viennan Economic Crisis Suppressed
Leaders killed, national guard and student organization broken, censorship is back -
Frederick William IV Passes a Constitution
Creates bicamerial parliament
Lower half elected by universal male suffrage.
Edicts modified the system for elites to stay in power Tax paying dollars are directly proportional to votes gained Vote still not secret, still largely unequal -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
Huge rebellion of 20 million starved, was against the Qing dynasty. The dynasty ended up hiring foreign generals to help, but it didn't -
August Ludwig von Rochau writes The Principles of Realpolitik Applied to the Conditions of Germany
He said power goals were above moral goals (freedom)
This ideology was much differnt than liberalism, and realpolitik as a concept became largely associated with Otto Von Bismardk -
Period: to
Crimean War
Russia moves troops into Moldova and Wallachia, Turkey declared war, and France and Britain soon joined them. Cholera and bad tactics helped increase death count. After the war, Russia was disgrced and needed to get influence back, needs to Westernize -
Sepoy Rebellion
Revolt in which Indians revolted against British rule, and the British East India Company stopped rule and direct control was implemented. -
William I becomes prince regent of Prussia
wait for it... -
"The Thousand" Takes Naples and the Sicilies
They won now, but when they reached the papal states, Victor Emmanuel II demanded Garibaldi cede military authority, which he did. -
William I becomes king of Prussia
Conservatism, industrial and middle class growth, liberal intellectuals, liberal political movement. Let's confront the king! -
Lower Half of Parliament Fails to Approve Budget
William I put Otto von Bismarck as minister-President of Prussia -
January Rising
Poles used guerilla warfare in the countryside. many volunteered to fight with them Its leaders were later executed in 1864, but by doing this they linked Polish nationalism with Polish peasants. -
Italy Acquires Venetia
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Seven Weeks' War
Quickly won
Austria gives up Schleswig and Holsein, Venetia, and the German Confederation. Bismarck created the North German Confederation, including everyone above the main river except Austria -
War with Denmark
Prussia and Austria go against Denmark, Denmark only attacks because they think they have British support. They don't. Schleswig and Holstein is split up between the two. -
Suez Canal Opens
Grand ceremony
Represents Western power and technology 30,000 Egyptian laborers, and many dying of cholera -
Period: to
Franco-Prussian War
Wanted to inspire German nationalism within other states like Bavaria and Wurttemberg. French ambassador and Prussia king met, William sends back telegram but Bismarck edits it and frames it rudely. Nobody helped the French, and France only held until that winter. -
Rome Becomes Part of Italy
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German Empire Declared
It was done inside the House of Mirrors William I is Kaiser, France gives up 5 million Francs and Alsace, Germany absorbs all German states except Austria. -
Period: to
Scramble for Africa
Largest example of Formal Imperialism
Europeans colonized 90% of Africa
About 25% of the world total -
Urabi Pasha takes Control of Government
He led a ton of army officers to do it after a call for independence -
Period: to
Sino-Japanese War
China gave trade privileges and Korea to Japan. Destabilized Chinese regime -
Lenin Pulbishes "Imperialism: The HIghest Stage of Capitalism"
Said the solution to democratic reform to capitalism was an entirely new economic order