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Truman
President from April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953. -
HUAC
Congress loyalty program HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE
- investigate government agencies and hollywood movie industry of communism -
Truman Doctrine
America aided turkey and greece $400 mil, military bases
-great britain couldn't afford it only two great powers left -
Loyalty Program
- Spy rings caused anxiety in Americans
- With Republican gain in office, truman became worried and set up his own investigation
- all new employees hired by federal office were investigated -FBI checked files for current gov. employees who might be engaged in disloyal activities -Those accused brought forth in front of a Loyal Review Board, hard to clear your name and defend yourself, examined several million but only a few hundred were removed from their jobs. -added to suspicion in nation.
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Berlin Airlift
operation moving supplies via american and british planes into West Berlin during soviet blockade -
Marshall Plan
Economic recovery of Europe founded by the US. If we didnt help Soviet union could intervene and start a movement of communism. We hoped for a stronger economy and new market for American goods. 17 Western European nations joined, 13$ billion in grants and loans= economies restored quick strong trading partners in region -
Containment
Containment was the American policy under Trumans administration of stopping further expansion of communism. The Soviet Union was successful In taking over Eastern Europe satellites. America knew that stepping in May result in war. Communism was stopped at Berlin and south East Asia, although they won Vietnam. -
Korean War
A war between the communist North Korea and the Democratic South Korea.
North Korean troops cross 38th parallel to “reunite”korea with force
-America thought it to be orchestrated by soviet union -
Korean War
Stronger nations were attacking the weak and democracies failed to respond. Truman was determined to take action as North Korea tried to take over South Korea with communism. If Truman didn't respond he felt WWIII would start due to the similar cause of WWII. The American Seventh Fleet was commanded to protect Taiwan and later air, naval, and ground support were sent to South Korea. Truman didn't go through congress for declaration of war but was praised by both republicans and democrats for his -
N.A.T.O- North Atlantic treaty organization
-alliance collective security
- first since Monroe doctrine officially involved in European affairs
-soviet responded with Warsaw Pact with satellite nations in Eastern Europe -
McCarran-Walter Act
democrat pat mccarran 1952- Senate hunt for communists in movie industries, labor unions, state dept, UN
- senate Pat was convinced most disloyal americans were immigrants from communist parts
-discriminated against asia and southern and central europe
-truman vetoed
-congress passed it -
Eisenhower
President from January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 -
Stalin Dies
The Soviet Union leader dies on this day. -
Brinkmanship
The ability to get on the verge without getting into the war. They used this throughout Eisenhower's presidency. -
Deterrence
It is the policy of making the military power of the U.S. and it's allies so strong that no enemy would dare to attack for the fear of retaliation. -
Domino Theory
The fear that if one country falls to communism the countries around it will also fall. -
Suez Canal Crisis
Nasser seized (British owned) Suez Canal which is a very vital canal. -
Eisenhower Doctrine
U.S. would use force "to safeguard the independence of any country or group in the Middle East requesting aid against (communist inspired) aggression -
Space Race (1957–1975)
It was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability. 1957-1975 -
U-2 Incident
One of our U-2 planes flew over Soviet Union and got shot down. -
Kennedy
President from January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963. -
Bay of Pigs
Kennedy's first foreign crisis arose in Cuba on an island 90 miles off the Florida coast
Fidel Castro overthrew the US backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959
Caused US to be concerned about Cuba
Some Cubans supported Castro because he said he wanted improve the lives of poor people.
Kennedy was informed about a plan Eisenhower had created and got approved in 1960
CIA was training a group of Cubans to invade Cuba & overthrow Castro. -
Vietnam War
John F Kennedy took office in 1961 his goal was to prevent the spread of communism
South Vietnam would need more aid if it wanted to survive
Kennedy increased the number of American military advisors in Vietnam
tripled the amount of American economic and military aid to the South Vietnamese and increased the number of U.S. military advisors in Indochina.
Number had grown to more than 16,000 -
Space Program
Kennedy had an ambitious goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade
In 1957, Soviet launched the satellite, sputnik
Project Mercury was administered by Eisenhower
Orbit a manned spaceship around Earth
Investigate ability of astronauts to function in space
recover astronauts and spacecraft safely
Nation suffered another shock when a Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin became the first man to orbit the earth -
Alliance For Progress
The Soviet Union and the US competed
building up military forces
seeking allies in the developing countries of Latin America, Asia andAfrica
Alliance of Process
A vast cooperative effort to satisfy the basic needs of people in North, Central and South America for homes, work, land, health, and schools
Latin America doubted the Alliance and thought mostly of it as a way for US to stop the spread of communism
The Alliance had not worked out the way Kennedy had hoped -
Vietnam / War
John F Kennedy took office in 1961 his goal was to prevent the spread of communism
South Vietnam would need more aid if it wanted to survive
Kennedy increased the number of American military advisors in Vietnam
tripled the amount of American economic and military aid to the South Vietnamese and increased the number of U.S. military advisors in Indochina.
Number had grown to more than 16,000
Refused to withdraw from problems in Vietnam because he said could cause a collapse not only in South V -
Berlin Wall
After the failure of The Bay of Pigs Invasion, Kennedy tried harder to find new ways to prove his toughness against communism
A new problem had risen in Berlin
West Berliners peered through the newly built wall
Tubes were put on top of Wall to prevent escapees from getting a grip of the wall to climb over
The Soviet, the US, Great Britain, and France each controlled one sector of the country. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Started October 15-28. October, 16, 1962 photographs from an American spy plane revealed that the Soviets were building missile bases on Cuban soil
This was about 90 miles from the island of Key West, Florida
Terrifying standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union that brought the superpowers to the brink of nuclear war.
4 possible responses
Engage in further negotiations with Khrushchev
Invade Cuba
Blockade Cuba
Bomb the missile sites -
Johnson
President from November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969. -
Gulf Of Tonkin
August 1964, Johnson made an announcement that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked United States destroyers in the international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin, 30 miles from North Vietnam. Johnson used the Tonkin incident to deepen Americas involvement in Vietnam. He asked Congress for and obtained a resolution giving him authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further action. Congress passed the Gulf of To -
TET Offensive
In 1967, Nguyen Van Thieu succeeded Ky as president of South Vietnam
Ky and Thieu were more effective leaders then Diem had been
January 31, 1968 some 70,000 North Vietnamese and Vietnam Congress forces launched the Tet Offensive, a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in south Vietnam.
North Vietnam achieved a strategic victory with the Tet Offensive, as the attacks marked a turning point in the Vietnam War and the beginning of a slow, painful, American withd -
Nixon
President from January 20, 1969-August 9, 1974. -
Covering/Summarizing Role in Vietnam(1969-1973)
Nixon withdrew troops from Vietnam and replaced them with South Vietnamese soldiers. As he withdrew troops, he ordered secret bombing raids on major targets. In 1970, Nixon announced that ground forces were moving into Cambodia. The goal was to clear out communist camps there. Nixon knew that invading Cambodia would not help win the war, but possibly help to negotiate. He was willing to intensify the war and strengthen America's position on peace talks. -
Detente
Did not end the Cold War. Created framework of cooperation between the rivals. First President to be welcomed to the People's republic of China. Nixon and Brezhnev first to sign the treaty on limiting nuclear weapons. -
Vietnam War/Vietnaminazation
Paris peace talks began in May 1968 but failed to produce an agreement. Nixon claimed he had a secret plan to end the war, which helped him win his presidency. In June 1969, Nixon announced a plan called Vietnamization. This involved removing American forces and replacing them with South Vietnamese soldiers. -
Moon Landing
On July 20, 1969 at 10:56 PM Eastern Daylight Time, Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in Apollo 11. -
SALT I
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. It included a five year agreement that froze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched ballistic missiles. It also included an agreement restricting development and deployment of anti ballistic missile defense system which were designed to shoot down attacking missiles. It worked really well and was an important step forward. -
China
1972 Nixon traveled to China to restore formal relations. They weren't restored at that time that Nixon went, but there was progress. Nixon viewed the weapons control as a foreign policy. Nixon was determined to address the Nuclear threat and deal creatively with the Soviet Union at the same time. -
Watergate
A scheme to wiretap top Democrats to try and find damaging information about delegates at their convention. Men broke into wiretap the building. It was known as the Watergate Scandal. The FBI traced the money carried by the Watergate burglars to the reelection committee. Nixon tried to persuade the FBI to stop investigating. Nixon was not directly involved, but yet involved him due to the burglars trying to link him to the crime. Nixon won reelection, but Congress wanted to impeach him. -
War Powers Act
Law was to limit a President's ability to involve the United States in foreign conflicts without receiving a formal declaration of war from Congress. It stated:
-Within 48 hours of committing troops to overseas combat, the President must notify Congress of the reasons for this decision and the expected length of the mission.
-The troops may not stay overseas for more than 60 days without congressional approval.
-Congress can demand that the President bring the troops home. -
Resignation
August 5, Nixon turned over the tapes for Watergate and on August 9, 1974, Nixon announced he would be resigning. -
Ford
Became presdent from August 9, 1974-January 20, 1977. -
Pardons Nixon
In response to the mood of Americans after the Watergate scandal, Ford declared it was time for "communication, conciliation, compromise and cooperation". Ford pardoned Nixon for "all offenses", he might have committed. His generous gesture backfired. Many criticized Ford's judgement. Many people were still angry at Watergate and the pardon. -
Helsinki Accords
A series of agreements on European security made at a 1975 summit meeting in Finland. The United States, Canada, the Soviet Union and 30 European countries pledged to cooperate economically, respect existing national boundaries, and promote human rights. -
Carter
President from January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 -
Continued SALT 1
Continued what Nixon started. -
Camp David Accords
Egypt's president tried to compromise with Prime Minister of Israel because there were many wars in the Middle East and ethical solutions to complicated problems, but they couldn't compromise well due to the deferred personalities. Carter then sent Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance to invite them to Camp David, the Presidential retreat in the Maryland Hills. In September 1978, Carter assumed the role of peacemaker. There was peace eventually. -
Iran Hostage
It was led by Muslim fundamentalists who wanted to bring back traditional ways and by liberal critics of the shah(king), who wanted more political and economic reforms. As revolution spread, the shah left. He was replace by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini. Khomeini and his followers we anti-western and planned to make Iran a strict Islamic state. In October, Carter allowed shah to enter the U.S. for medical treatment. Many Iranians were outraged. -
SALT II
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. It led Carter and the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev to sign a new treaty in June 1979. This agreement limited the number of nuclear warheads and missiles held by each superpower. Brezhnev later invaded Afghanistan and Carter told him it would violate the peace unless you withdrew from your present course of action. Carter knew that the treaty would be turned down. He removed it from Senate consideration.
