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FERDINAND II (pg. 169)
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II was the Hapsburg ruler of Bohemia, but Protestants in Bohemia didn't trust him because he was foreign and Catholic. Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches, Protestants revolted, and Ferdinand sent his army, beginning the THIRTY YEARS' WAR -
Period: to
HAPSBURG ARMIES (pg. 169)
Hapsburg armies (Ferdinand's army) from Spain and Austria crushed troops hired by Protestant princes. Ferdinand, instead of paying his army, let them rob German villages, so they destroyed everything. -
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS (pg. 170)
Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany -
Period: to
PROTESTANT ARMIES DEFEAT HAPSBURG ARMIES (pg. 169)
Especially because of help from Cardinal Mazarin and Cardinal Richelieu, the Protestant armies were able to defeat the Hapsburg (Catholic) armies controlled by Ferdinand II. -
Gustavus Adolphus killed in battle (pg. 170)
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CARDINAL MAZARIN & CARDINAL RICHELIEU (pg. 170)
Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin were both Catholics, like the Hapsburg armies, but still sided with the Protestants. They didn't want other European rulers, like Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, to have as much power as the King of France. They sent troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants and fight against the Hapsburgs. -
EFFECTS (pg. 170)
1.Germany: ruined economy, dropped population, lost territory to France
2.Weakened Hapsburg countries Spain & Austia
3.Ended religious wars in Europe
4.Set up peace negotiations were all involved met to settle problems of war and decide peace terms
5.Lost idea that Catholics would rule most of Europe
6.German princes were independent of Roman Emperor
7.MOST IMPORTANT: Europe became a group of equal, independent states -
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (pg. 170)
ENDED THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
PROTESTANTS DEFEATED HAPSBURG ARMIES IN 1648
