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Period: 2000 BCE to
Beginning to Expansion
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1800 BCE
Mayan Civilization
The Mayan Civilization is a part of the Mesoamerican civilization, and was developed by the Mayan people. During the Mayan civilization the Mayan's had a caste system, the largest class in the Caste System was the commoners, who were farmers and worked on land. The Mayan was a significant civilization because it was an agricultural based civilization, and had a writing system the hieroglyphic script it was the only fully known writing system. Blood was powerful, therefore led to human sacrifice. -
1200 BCE
Mesoamerica
The Mesoamerican Civilization was the first civilization to be developed in the coastal region, in the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico in North America. Mesoamerica was critical because it was a place that influenced the agricultural revolution. Early civilization developed in Mesoamerica such as the Olmec, the Maya, and the Aztecs. The early civilizations in Mesoamerica had a social structure, and which people were in a different class. Maize was crucial and helped start agriculture. -
1200 BCE
Olmecs
The Olmec was a civilization in Mesoamerica, and was located in ancient Mexico. The Olmec's participated in bloodletting also known as auto sacrifice. The Olmec's were considered the first civilization in the Americas and was believed to have an influence on the Mayans and the Aztecs.The earliest known pyramid is in La Venta in Tabasco, Mexico and was built by the Olmec's. In 400 BC La Venta was declined and was overall abandoned which lead to the end of the Olmec Civilization. -
1193
The Crusades
The Crusades was multiple religious wars against the Christians and Muslims, they fought to see who would control the Holy Land. The Crusades increased trade throughout Europe exposing them to more goods. The Crusades helped advance technology with their weapons such as maps and military techniques. The Crusades helped spread many ideas with the Muslims and Christians, because of their interaction with one another during and after the Crusades, even though they were not able to catch Jerusalem. -
1347
The Black Death
The black death was a disease outbreak that occurred in Western Europe. The economy was effected by the black death because the population decreased and the peasants wages increased. Black death was caused by rodents, therefore the spread of this disease caused many deaths. The black death originated in central Asia, and traveled to Europe causing the death of 30 percent of Europe's population. The black death had an impact on England's social structure, which lead to Peasants Revolt of 1831. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the trading between the New World and Old word. The Columbian Exchange involved the trading of plants, animals, foods, and diseases. The Native Americans were effected negatively due to the spread of diseases, which lead to their downfall. The Europeans were effected positively by the Columbian Exchange because it helped introduced more foods to the Europeans, which increased their life expectancy and food supply, leading to the significance of the Columbian Exchange. -
Period: 1492 to
English Colonial Society
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Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a result for the conflict between Spain and Portugal. When the New World was discovered both Spain and Portugal were seeking for land, and the Treaty of Tordesillas helped solve the confusion between Spain and Portugal in which divided the land of the New World to both countries. The line that divided the land in the New World solved the conflict between Spain and Portugal, in which Spain claimed the land west of the line and Portugal claimed the land that was east. -
Virginia
Jamestown which lies in Virginia, is the first colony that was developed in the United States by the British. Virginia was founded and settled in 1607. Roanoke, Virginia was developed because of outcropping of salt that was near the Roanoke River. The Headright System was a legal grant of land for settlers, which helped expanded the colonies. Jamestown was where tobacco was first grown in America, and then later in 1612 became an inaugural crop for sale to the European Market. -
Plymouth Colony
The Plymouth Colony was made up of puritans that came from England in searching for religious freedom, or to find a better life they later became more common known as the pilgrims. The Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflower, and settled in Massachusetts. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement for self government in America, and was made up of 102 passengers that were called the pilgrims. It was difficult for the Pilgrims to survive in the harsh environment, they were aided by a man named Squanto. -
Maryland
Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert, his father George Calvert a English politician died, and was succeeded by his son Cecil where he established Maryland for the safety of the Roman Catholics persecuted in England. George Calvert's applied to Charles I royal charter for the discovery of the Province of Maryland. Tobacco became the main product in Maryland, and was the first industry in agriculture. Tobacco was the most important cash crop, and later then became labor intensive. -
Navigation Acts
The English Parliament passed out the Navigation Acts with the intentions to tighten the colonies government, and to also control who the colonies are able to trade with. The Navigation Acts required all trade to be on English or colonial vessels. The Act was aimed towards the Dutch because they were the largest competition to England. The Colonists were angry about the Navigation Acts, and began to resent Britain leading the Colonists to smuggle, and decreased their economic opportunity. -
Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania colony was founded by William Penn, King Charles II gave William Penn a grant, due to the fact the king had a debt to his father. The Pennsylvania colony was based on religious beliefs, and the Pennsylvania colony was dominated by the Quakers religious belief. The Quakers wanted to practice their religious beliefs, and their values. The agriculture in Pennsylvania such as livestock, wheat, and corn helped the Quakers survive. The Quakers were a part of the English Parliament. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials happened in the Salem Village, where there were hearings and people could be prosecuted for the accusation of witchcraft. The trials began in 1692, where a group of young girls claimed to be possessed, and accused women on participating in witchcraft because of their actions. Over 200 people were accused of witchcraft, and 19 people were executed during the witch trials. The Salem Witch Trials ended because the governor's wife was accused and decided to stop the trials. -
Act of Union
The Act of Union was two parliaments coming together and becoming one. England and Scotland both passed a Union Act to each other and led to the development of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The English government wanted Scotland to be a part of the English monarchy, and Scotland was in a financial debt. By putting both countries together Scotland benefited due to their economy had improved. England needed political support, against French attacks and decided to make a union with Scotland. -
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was a part of the Triangular Trade, it was a trading route where millions of slaves were transported from West Africa to North America and the Caribbean to be sold. Transportation on the Middle Passage was unpleasant for the Slaves 10 to 15 percent of the slaves died on the middle passage due to disease on the ship. It would take three weeks for the slaves to be transported from West Africa to North America, when arriving they would be auctioned off to the settlers. -
Seven-Years War/ French and Indian War
The French and Indian war was a conflict between France and Britain to decide whether France or Britain would be dominant over North America. Both Britain and France wanted to extend West of North America which lead to the main cause of the French and Indian War. Britain wanted to trade with the native Americans, and the French built forts to protect their trade with the Indians. George Washington lead the Army in 1754 against the French, aiding Britain during the French and Indian War. -
Fort William Henry
The siege of Fort William Henry was the turning point of the Seven-Years War/ French and Indian war. Fort William Henry was British property located in Lake George. Fort William Henry was captured and destroyed by the French. General Louis-Joseph Montcalm was in charge of attacking Britain at Fort William Henry, forcing Monro from Britain to surrender. The siege at Fort William Henry took 6 days for the French to finally get Britain to surrender, many of the British were killed after the siege. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Treaty of Paris 1763
After French lost the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the Seven-Years War/ French and Indian war. Overall, Britain defeated the French during the War, which led to Britain being in control of the motherland in the United Sates. Britain gained most of the territory, and gave land to Spain for being allied with them. The Treaty was an agreement for both the French and Britain that the war would be over. France, Spain, Portugal, and Britain were all involved on signing the treaty. -
Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was the first tax from Parliament on the American colonists, because of the debt that Britain had after the French and Indian War. The Stamp Act was a tax on all paper documents in the colonies. The colonists rebelled against the Stamp Act by stating the issues of taxation without representation. After the colonists rebelled against the Stamp Act, parliament began to repeal the act in 1766. Britain was in debt and saw the colonies as a revenue source to pay off the debt. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade originated in Europe transporting supplied goods to the New World, and also with slave labor. The transatlantic slave trade was consisted of manufactured goods, cash crops and slaves traveling between the Caribbeans, West Africa, The American colonies, and Europe. The trade started from Europe to Africa trading goods for slaves, and later then the slaves were transported to the American colonies where the slaves were sold. The colonies provided raw material for Europe. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a movement for the religious beliefs in the American colonies, and the relationships with the colonists. The main idea of the Great Awakening was the revival of many religious beliefs that had spread throughout American Colonies. The American colonies of religious belief were led by evangelical Protestant ministers. George Whitfield was a evangelical minister that traveled to North America, which helped the revival of religion throughout the Great Awakening. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre consisted of British Army soldiers open fired on a group of American colonists due to their conflicts. The colonists were a mob, and was harassing the British soldiers throwing snowballs, and objects. The result of the Boston Massacre was 5 colonists were shot dead, and led to Paul Revere's engraving named the "Bloody Massacre" the engraving was used as propaganda to show American colonists. After the Boston Massacre it helped unite the American colonies against Britain. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was an act upon the Sons of Liberty to dump tea into the harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a result from the Tea Act that parliament passed that granted the British India Company tea to increase taxes on tea. The sons of liberty dressed up as "drunken" Indians to dump crates filled with tea into the harbor, as an act of rebellion towards the Tea Act. The aftermath of the Boston Tea party, Britain shut down the Boston Harbor until the tea was accounted for by the colonists. -
Paul Revere's Midnight Ride
Paul Revere's Midnight ride was an act by Paul Revere to warn Americans militiamen that the British has arrived to the American colonies, Paul Revere was informed by the Sons of Liberty, and was to warn the Patriot's leader Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Paul Revere rode the night he made it to Lexington to warn the Patriot's leader, but he never made it to Concord because he was captured by British Soldiers and thrown in jail, word got out and Samuel Prescott warned the militias at Concord. -
Battle of Lexington
The Battle of Lexington started the American Revolutionary War, and a phrase coming from the Battle of Lexington well known as the "Shot Heard 'Round the World", and until this day no one knows who took the first shot. The confrontation happening at dawn the of battle started at Lexington leaving 8 militia men dead, and 9 injured while the British only had one redcoat injured. The Americans won the battle, because the British Redcoats retreated back to Boston understanding the war has begun. -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was written by the founding fathers, which was adopted by the Second Continental Congress. The Declaration of Independence was written to inform foreign countries, that the American colonies wanted their Independence from Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson and 4 others wrote the Declaration of Independence. On July 2nd, 1776 the Continental Congress voted for Independence, the Declaration was still a draft but on July 4th, 1776 was the final draft after revised. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was document that was written for the colonies to establish a national government for the United States. The Articles of Confederation gave more rights towards the states leaving the federal government weak, they had no power and could not enforce laws, the colonies wanted to have a weak federal government so they were not able to tax but led to the unpaid debt from the Revolutionary War. The Articles Confederation was weak and was replaced by the U.S. Constitution. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment era was a time period for an intellectual and cultural movement, and was a philosophical movement that primarily took place in Europe, then later traveled to North America.The Enlightenment era focused on the reason and science. The Enlightenment focused on the facts and what can be proven, questioning the religious faith and superstitions. Benjamin Franklin is the symbol of the Enlightenment era, where he believed in Deism which was an Enlightenment era belief. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris in 1783 was an agreement to end the American Revolutionary War. The treaty was signed by King George III of Great Britain and the representatives of the United Sates. The treaty meant that the American colonists has gained independence from Great Britain. The colonial Empire of Britain has came to an end in North America. In the treaty it consisted of what the boundaries were in the United States, and how they were established, and Great Britain gave recognition to the U.S. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was led by Daniel Shay and was made up of farmers. The lack of money caused the revolt, because of the debt from the Revolutionary War. The farmers wanted to prevent imprisonment for citizens that are in debt. Shay's rebellion showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation due to the fact that there was not a strong federal government. The central government was not able to put down Shay's Rebellion, therefore one of the factors on writing the United Sates Constitution. -
Three Branches
The three branches of government are the legislative, executive, and judicial ranch. They were all developed at the Constitutional Convention, they were created because during the Articles of Confederation had a weak central government. With the three branches they developed a system of checks and balances, so they could limit each others powers. The separation of powers gave each branch their own powers, and duties. Since the three branches have been created, the government gained power. -
Constitutional Convention
The main reason for the Constitutional Convention was to discuss the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, and that The Convention was held in Philadelphia and 55 delegates attended the Convention to discuss what was needed for the new nation. A topic that was discussed was the reinvention of the legislature, and the federal government. What called for the Constitutional Convention was to discuss and revise the Articles of Confederation, and also the beginning of the U.S. Constitution. -
Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan was proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. The Virginia Plan was set to have a strong federal government, since the Articles of Confederation lacked a strong government. In the Virginia plan there was three branches of government the legislative, executive, and judicial branch. The plan was put into action after several of revisions many states agreed with the Virginia Plan. Smaller states opposed of the plan while the larger states were in favor. -
New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey Plan was proposed by William Patterson at the Constitutional Convention. The New Jersey Plan was directed toward the smaller states, because they did not want the larger states to gain all of the power. With the New Jersey Plan Patterson proposed that every state would have one house of representatives, and to have equal representation. The New Jersey plan agreed with the Virginia Plan on having a government with three branches. Main motivation was to have one vote from congress. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was a law passed and was under the Articles of Confederation. The Northwest Ordinance established a federal government in the Northwest Territory, the government was needed for admitting new states into the Union. The new states being added to the Union were guaranteed to be equal to the original thirteen colonies. The Northwest Ordinance started a system where settlers are able to purchase a title from the farmland in the undeveloped West, but later repealed. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Period: to
New Republic
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Election of 1788
The Election of 1788 was the first presidential election in the United States. George Washington and James Adams were the candidates for being President. George Washington ended up winning unanimously by the Electoral College. George Washington won his first two terms, he was well known for being the Commander of the militia in the Revolutionary War. Even though John Adams was not elected for presidency he became the Vice President of the United States, and he won the majority vote of electors. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was made up of farmers in Western Pennsylvania. The farmers rebelled against the tax on whiskey that was passed out by Hamilton. The farmers began to start riots and killed federal officers. The army from the federal government led by George Washington ended the Whiskey Rebellion. The Whiskey Rebellion proved that the government under the new United States Constitution was powerful, and can handle any conflicts. The rebellion ended because the farmers respected Washington. -
Bill of Rights
James Madison wrote the first ten amendments which made up the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was written to protect citizens rights, since the federal government gained power, which ensured the citizens safety from the federal government. The Amendments of the Bill of Rights is important because it allows the citizens to express their opinions. The Anti-Federalists wanted the Bill of Rights added to the constitution, to ensure that the federal government does not have all of the power. -
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney created a machine that has influenced the history of the United States. He invented the cotton gin. The machine was to take the seed out of the cotton, instead of taking out the seeds by hand. There was a massive amount of cotton being produces in the South, therefore when the cotton gin was invented it was popular in the South. The cotton gin played a huge role on slavery, because of the cotton gin being able to take the seeds out faster there was a more need for raw cotton. -
Washington's Farewell Address
After George Washington's term of presidency he gave a farewell letter to the citizens of the United States. He wanted to inform the Union of the future, and what the government should look out for in the future. Washington's main ideas in his farewell address was not to be permanently allied with foreign countries because of the result of the French and Indian Was, but agreed to temporary alliances Also, in his farewell address he explains why he did not run for a third term of presidency. -
Election of 1796
The Election of 1796 was the first election to have a Vice President and President from different parties. John Adams was a Federalist that won the presidential election of 1796 with 71 electoral votes. Thomas Pinckney was the runner up for the federalists, but Thomas Jefferson an Anti-Federalist had more votes from the electoral college than Pinckney therefore, Thomas Jefferson was the runner up and became Vice President. Overall, the two different parties came together through the election. -
XYZ Affair
The XYZ affair was a confrontation with the United States and the Republic of France. Adams the president at the time sent a three member delegation to Paris to bring peace between the two countries. France's minister did not want to meet with the delegates unless they gave France a bribe, among other conditions. Pinckney responded and did not agree with giving money to France. After the XYZ Affair it led to the Quasi War which was undeclared, that happened between France and the United States. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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The Second Great Awakening
Th Second Great Awakening had an outcome of influencing and establishing reform movements. The Second Great Awakening was also a series of religious revival that has impacted the United States. The Second Great Awakening was led by preachers who traveled through the United States to spread religious teachings. The religious revival was held throughout the American colonies and has influenced thousands of people. Charles Grandison Finney was an important preacher throughput the revival. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Marbury v. Madison
The Marbury v. Madison was a supreme court case, which established the judicial review. John Marshall failed to deliver 4 commissions, including Marbury's. When Jefferson took office he withheld the 4 remaining commissions, making Marbury to sue the new secretary of state, James Madison. The case explained that the judicial branch needed to be adjusted because of the court case was not solved the judicial branch would be overlooked by the executive branch, which led to the judicial review. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States, and France. A treaty was signed that France sold the land to the United States for 15 million, with this purchase of land the United States would double in size. The land consisted of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountain, and the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The reason behind this purchase was that Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers, to settle in the new territory. The Louisiana Purchase was set for Lewis and Clark. -
Hamilton vs. Burr
Aaron Burr was the vice President at the time, and Hamilton was the former Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton and Burr did not got along, when Burr was running for Vice President Hamilton launched a series of pubic attacks against Burr. The conflicts between Burr and Hamilton became very crucial, when Burr loses his bid for governor, which later led to an illegal duel. During the duel Hamilton shot up, while Burr shot Hamilton in the abdomen. Hamilton was brought home and died the next day. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Great Britain. The United states declared a war against Great Britain due to many issues, such as the blockade Britain had on France. The War of 1812 was significant for the United States, because it helped rewrite their boundaries. The Federalists believed that the War would help France against the struggle of Britain, by opposing the war by not paying taxes. Britain and the United states was not prepared for the War but the U.S. won. -
Fredrick Douglas
Fredrick Douglas was an important figure during the civil rights movement, and wanted to help innovate the American Nation. Douglas was an abolitionist, and believed that slavery should be taken away from the United States. Fredrick Douglas was a slave himself, but he escaped slavery. Douglas was an intellectual that brought the issue of slavery during the mid 1800's. Douglas spent his life bringing awareness to the topic of slavery, and was a spokesperson for the abolition of slavery. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
The McCulloch v. Maryland was a supreme court case that Congress implied the power of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States, due to the sate of Maryland they had lacked the power to tax the bank. The cause of the case was the fact that Maryland had placed a prohibitive tax on the Second Bank of the United States. Article I, Section 8 of the constitution allowed Congress the power to make all laws. The case determined that Maryland had the right to establish a bank. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was an effect from after the war, and the economic expansion coming to an end. Throughout the Panic of 1819 the banks in the United Sates were failing and mortgages were being foreclosed, taking people from their homes and taking their farms. The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial issue in the United States. Agriculture and manufacturing started to decrease due to the lack of money in the United States. The Second Bank's policies were accounted for the economic crisis. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance movement was an act to reduce the amount of alcohol that was consumed in the United States. Reform movements became more prominent in the early 1800's and the Temperance Movement was significant. A group of women started the temperance movement to bring awareness and to encourage other Americans to reduce the consumption of alcohol. The American Temperance society was the largest organization that established advocate temperance, the organization consisted of 200,00 people. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was a solution created by congress to solve the Missouri Crisis. The main point of the Missouri Compromise was to keep the balance of power in Congress for states that free or have slavery. In 1820 Missouri was admitted into the United States as a slave state while Maine was a free State. The coordinates of 36 30 was the northern limit for slavery to be legal in the territories West of the United States.Overall, the compromise was successful throughout the Union. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is distinguishing the Old world and the New World and the different systems they have. The main ideas from the Monroe Doctrine was that the United States would not interfere with European powers, also the United States would not bother the existing colonies and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere. A reason for the Monroe Doctrine was to help the United States have protection over the Western Hemisphere and to inform European nations there was no further colonization. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams won the the Election of 1824 and became the president of the United States. Even though Andrew Jackson won the most electoral votes he was not able to receive a majority. The reason why John Quincy Adams won was because the House of Representatives decided on him. Clay the speaker of the house of representatives at the time pursued Congress to elect Adams, but then Adams made Clay secretary of state, the people that sided with Jackson believed that it was a corrupt "bargain". -
Whig Party
The Whig party was an American political party that is going against President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, because they did not agree with Jackson's politics. The Whigs believed in a strong federal government, and national banking. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster was apart of the Whigs party, they were prominent. The Whigs supported Congress and the executive branch, the Whigs were believed to be the Second Party System. The Whigs was not pro slavery, which also led to their fall out. -
Abolitionist
An abolitionist is one that wants to get rid of slavery, and the abolitionist movement was a social movement for the political reason of getting rid of slaves and racial discrimination with an immediate emancipation. Abolitionists were a group of people that was Anti-Slavery, and believing that it should not travel in the westward expansion. Free African- Americans were most prominent during the abolitionist movement. The movement and the conflict with slavery influenced the Civil War. -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
President Andrew Jackson signed off on the Indian Removal Act, it was a law that allowed the president to negotiate with the Southern Native Americans, to relocate them to federal territory in exchange for their land. Jackson persuade Congress to support the Removal Act of 1830, so that Jackson could grant land west of the Mississippi River, if the Native Americans agreed to move from their homelands. Some tribes moved peacefully to the federal territory while the others did not support. -
Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson wanted to remove Indians from the east land of the Mississippi River, and to move them where present day Oklahoma is at. The trail of tears was 16,000 Native Americans being moved from where they stayed, where they had to travel over 1,200 miles with harsh conditions. The Indian Tribe that was forced to move was the Cherokee nation, and during the trail of tears 4,000 of the Native Americans died because of diseases, lack of food and warfare, the trail of tears was a tragic event. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion was consisted of slaves which happened at Southampton County, Virginia. Nat Turner led the rebellion which killed 55 to 65 people most of them being white. The American slave owners saw how powerful the rebellion was against the constitution, and became fearful. Nat Turner's Rebellion was a two day revolt, but the rebellion was later put down, while the slaves were being captured Nat Turner escaped to the woods and manage to last 60 days without being captured. -
Worcrester v. Georgia
Worcrester v. Georgia was a supreme court case that involved Samuel A. Worcrester and Georgia State laws. The laws with Georgia was an agreement with the Cherokee Nation. The law stated that it was not prohibited that non- Native Americans were allowed to live on Indian territory. Samuel Worcrester and his family was refusing to move off of the Indian territory, and would not apply for the license to live on their land. He was later than arrested and took his case to the supreme court and won. -
Election of 1832
The Election of 1832 differed from the other election because it granted the major political parties to create a national convention to nominate their candidates. Andrew Jackson running as a democrat and Henry Clay running as a Republican, Jackson came out winning his election with 219 electoral votes while Clay only had 49. Jackson's candidates bought up the charter of the Bank of the United States and how it was going to expire, but Jackson then went to congress to recharter the bank. -
New York Female Reform Society
Lydia A. Finney was a leader for a women reform society, she established the New York Female Reform Society during the 19th century. The society was in hope for moral values, the women reform society helped allowed women to portray a greater role in American life. The New York Female Reform Society most important conflict that needed to be dealt with was prostitution. Women turned to prostitution due to being in poverty. The Women reform society helped many women change their lifestyle. -
Battle of San Jacinto
The Battle of San Jacinto was a part of the Texas Revolution,the war was intended for Texas to gain their independence from Mexico. The Battle of San Jacinto took the forces of Mexican Generl Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna by surprise when the Texas Militia under the control of Sam Houston attacked them. The Battle of San Jacinto was significant because during the battle many Mexicans were taken as prisoners, including General Santa Anna. The Texan military defeated the experienced Mexican Army. -
Telegraph
The electrical telegraph was developed in the United States by Samuel Morse he also created Morse code. The telegraph was invented for the use of faster and better communication from long distances. The telegraph impacted the society indirectly by increasing the works of government and industry. How the telegraph worked was by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. The telegraph helped the United Sates military army by sending codes that the enemies could not detect. -
Crank Churns
A Crank Churn was introduced in the mid 1800's it was used to convert cream into butter. The butter churn was involved in most households in the United States during the American Industrial Revolution. The Crank Churn was more convenient and replaced the wooden churns. Most women in the United States had a crank churn in a household the use of the crank churn helped make butter easier and be made more efficient. The crank churn was an invention that involved a barrel and a handle attached to it. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Mormons
Mormons were members of The Church of Latter Day Saints, the person who led the Mormons was Joseph Smith. The Mormons was significant because they migrated across the United States and expanded West. Bringham Young started to lead the Mormons after Joseph Smith was martyred. Bringham Young, and the Mormons began to move West because they were trying to escape religious discrimination. The Mormon Trail expands from Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah that is where the Mormons first settled. -
Annexation of Texas
Annexation of Texas was and act that brought Texas into the United States. When Texas won their independence from Mexico, they were in debt from the war they were independent for about 10 years, the United States wanted Texas to help increase their land being able to travel West. Mexico wanted to keep Texas, and Buren knew it would start a war he was also hesitant on adding another slave state to the Union, but it was believed that the Manifest Destiny played a role on the annexation of Texas. -
Mormon Migration
The Mormon pioneers was a part of the Church of Latter-Day Saints they migrated across the United States from the Midwest of the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormons were traveling across the United States to establish a new home for the church in the Great Basin and crossed Iowa. Bringham Young was the leader of the Mormons expanding West, because of the religious discrimination. 3,000 of the Mormons left Nauvoo in February and crossed the frozen Mississippi River, they suffered trying to expand west. -
Bear Flag Revolt
The Bear Flag Revolt was apart of the Westward Expansion, due to the fact that a group of American Settlers in California went against the Mexican government, and claimed that California was an independent republic. Merritt the person who led the revolt, declared the independence from Mexico, and wanted to let it be known that he claimed California was a new Republic. The Bear Flag Revolt happened in the beginning of the Mexican American War, and the settlers did not want to be apart of Mexico. -
Mexican American War
The Mexican American War was caused by the Westward Expansion, the increase of economics, and Slavery. The South wanted to gain more slave states. The Mexican American war was the need for land the United States wanted Texas to be apart of the Union and some of Mexico's northern lands, while Mexico was defending their property. The effects of the war was that Mexico ceded to the United States, in their treaty the United States started to obtain more land, which helped them expand West. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
James Marshall ended up finding gold at Stutter's Mill in Coloma California. After the discovery of gold in California the word got around the United States and over 300,000 people traveled to California in need of gold. The founding of gold benefited and sped up the process of California being admitted to the United States. The gold rush allowed California to be a part of the United states but under the condition of preventing slavery. During the gold rush 750,000 pounds of gold were founded. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the conclusion and peace between Mexico and United states after the Mexican American war. The Treaty was significant because of how it shaped the histories of Mexico and the United States. The treaty made a boundary for the United States and Mexico, the U.S. payed 15 million for the land from Mexico, while Mexico gained money they lost 55 percent of their land. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo helped the United States begin their expedition on expanding West. -
Manifest Destiny
19th century the United States had a belief that the destiny of American Settlers was to expand and move across the continent and spread their traditions and institutions. It was believed that God’s will to Americans spread over the entire continent, and to control and populate the country as they see fit. The settlers believed that God intended for the United States to have control of North America from Atlantic to Pacific. The United States was expected to spread democracy and capitalism. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was an act that helped slaves escape to free states or up to Canada. The railroad consisted of safe houses and secret routes that aided the slaves on there way to becoming free. Abolitionists and allies helped the slaves escape because they wanted to get rid of slavery. Harriet Tubman a important icon during the Underground Railroad was a fugitive slave and helped hundreds of runaway slaves gain their freedom. Slaves usually stopped at free states then went up to Canada. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was a part of the Compromise of 1850 that was passed out by the United States Congress. The Fugitive Slave Act allowed runaways slaves to be captured and return to the South. Fugitive slaves are slaves that ran away from their masters, and escaping towards the North upon searching for freedom, but the slave act did not allow fugitive slaves to get away. The Slave Act denied slaves the right to a jury trial, and if it was interfered there was a fine and 6 months in jail. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was a book that was written and published by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel was about how slavery was in the United States, and the attitudes towards African Americans. It was to believed that Uncle Tom's cabin was a conflict that started the uprising of the Civil War. The novel increased the differences between the North and South, while the north started to become more passionate on Anti-Slavery, and the south defended the institution, and the novel pointed out the issues. -
Bleeding Kansas
The Bleeding Kansas was a political problem due to the issues about slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to the bleeding of Kansas, because these territories were allowed to pick whether they wanted to be a slave state or not. The Bleeding Kansas happened in Kansas because that was the territory where the free slave states and slave states met. Anti- Slavery and Pro slavery came to Kansas and Nebraska to influence the states decision, and violence broke put which led to the Bleeding Kansas. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska act replaced the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Kansas-Nebraska act allowed for the people who lived in Kansas or Nebraska to decide whether to have slavery within their territories. The main reason for the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to expand farms throughout the territories, and was intended to build the Midwestern Transcontinental Road. During the act, the people used popular sovereignty to decide whether to be a slave state, the Kansas-Nebraska act became unsuccessful. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott was a in a supreme court case the Dred Scott v. Sanford he was a slave who lived with his owner in a free state. During the case it was concluded that African Americas whether free or slave were not American citizens which meant that they were not allowed to sue in a federal court. The court case helped establish that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in the United States Territory. After Dred Scott was overturned he was not entitled to freedom, which raised conflicts. -
Spoils System
Andrew Jackson created the spoils system, after he won the election of 1828 and became the president. When Jackson was president he appointed jobs to the people who supported him such as friends and relatives. The reason why Jackson created the spoils system was to remove political opponents from the federal office, and replacing them with people who sided with him and agreed with what his intentions were. The spoils system was legal but was later declined after the Civil Service Act of 1883. -
Robert E. Lee
General Robert E. Lee was a leader of the Army of Norther Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until he had to surrender in 1865. Robert E. Lee was a confederate soldier, and became the commander of the Confederate States Army. Robert E. Lee was known for his great leadership, and had the most famous and successful Confederate Armies. Robert E. Lee believed that in the Civil War to be victorious was to have a win on norther soil, he then tried to invade the North but it backfired on him. -
North
In the North they were highly populated with 22 million people. The North industrialized a lot during the civil war, they were able to produce more they had 110,000 factories. The industry that was in the North at the time would have been worth 1.5 billion. Many items were manufactured in the North such as weapons, clothing, shoes, and boots. The North was able to transport a lot of materials due to the 30,000 miles of track for railroads. The North was fighting for the Constitution and Union. -
South
During the civil war the South had a population of 9 million and 3.5 to 4 million were slaves. The manufacturing that happened in the South could not compare to the North with only 18,000 factories. Though the South did not not industrialize as much as the North, they had good military leadership. The South compared themselves to the patriots, and also wanted to be allied with Britain. The South needed men to fight in the war, so they allowed slaves to participate in the war for their freedom. -
Trent Affair
The Trent affair was a diplomatic conflict between the United States and Great Britain. Charles Wilkes a U.S. Navy officer captured two envoys of the British mail ship, named the Trent. Great Britain blamed the United States for violating the British Neutrality. The Confederates wanted to send diplomats to Europe and the Union removed the two confederate diplomats. Britain wanted an apology from the United states for the removal of diplomats, which lead to the threat between the U.S and Britain. -
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Civil War
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Conscription Act
The Confederate Congress passed out the Conscription Act also known as the Enrollment Act that made all white males from the age of eighteen to thirty-five eligible to be drafted to the Confederate Army. The reason for the Conscription Act was, because the Confederate states did not have as much people in the army than in the North. Aliens in the United States were still eligible to be in Army while wanting to be a citizen. The Conscription Act was to help provide man power to the Union Army. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln 3 years into the Civil War. Lincoln passed put the proclamation for slaves to be free from the rebellious states. The rebellion states did not pay any mind to the Emancipation Proclamation. The slaves were allowed to be freed if the South would not return to the Union, and the freedom of slaves would only be guaranteed if the Union won the war. The issue of slavery between the South and North became tied to the Civil War. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
Lincoln's 10% plan was also known as the Amnesty and Reconstruction Plan 1863. The 10% plan wanted to pardoned all settlers, and for the southern states to be readmitted to the Union !0 percent of their voters must take an oath of loyalty to the Union. The plan also wanted a new state government to be developed throughout the United States. Another expectation from the plan was to add a new constitution to abolish slavery. The 10 plan was made by Lincoln to peacefully combine the United states. -
Wade-Davis Bill
The Wade-Davis Bill was an act that was made by the Radical Republicans and was intended to punish the South for the Civil War. The Wade-Davis Bill wanted to completely abolish slavery, and to require the confederate states to give African Americans the right to vote. The requirements the radical Republicans wanted for the Confederate states were meant to be meet to be readmitted into the Union. Though the Bill passed Congress Lincoln vetoed the bill because he wanted to use the 10 percent plan. -
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen's Bureau was an act that was introduced during the Reconstruction period after the war. Overall the Freedmen's Bureau was successful for aiding the slaves on their transition to becoming free. The Freedmen's Bureau was established by the Congress to support the African American slaves as well as poor whites from the South after the Civil War. Freedmen's Bureau gave opportunities for former slaves providing education, healthcare, and economic opportunity, and provided housing. -
Black Codes
The Black Codes was put into action right after the Civil War from the Southern States. The Black Codes gave former African American slaves some rights but had limited civil rights and economic opportunity. The rights they were denied was to testify against whites and to serve on juries. The South wanted to restrict African Americans freedom, and also putting them in a workforce with harsh labor with low wages. The Black Codes ended because The Freedmen's Bureau was created to aid former slaves. -
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Reconstruction
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Assassination
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln happened at Ford's theater, where he was sitting in the Presidential Box to watch a play. The person who assassinated Lincoln was a Confederate Southerner John Wilkes booth, he shot Lincoln in the head and jumped from the box landing on the stage and escaping through the back door. The Union was seeking for John Wilkes Booth, but the following day Lincoln dies the next morning. John Wilkes was later found hiding in a barn, and died due to a gun shot wound. -
Railroads
Railroads were common in Britain, and the United States then followed Britain on making railroads. The railroads became popular in the 19th century, when the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroads became linked at Promontory, Utah. The development of railroads has became an important innovation throughout the 19th century, because it was a transportation network and it became faster to transport across the United States. Railroads helped the economy providing a national market. -
Tenant Farmers
Tenant Farmers during the American Industrial Revolution, were farmers that worked on rented land and had to pay rent or provide some of the produce that was made. Tenant farming was a system based on agriculture, where landowners provided their land for tenants to provide their labor. The tenant farmers were efficient, and was successful in the Midwestern of the United States, but tenants were not treated right by the landowners. The government wanted to improve the condition for tenants. -
Creation of Parks
President Ulysses S. Grant created the Yellowstone National park which was the world's first true national park. Grant signed the Act of Dedication law that granted the Yellowstone National Park to be built. The National Park is located in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. The Yellowstone national park is known for their wildlife, and the different types of ecosystems. Cemeteries were brought into the early 1800's due to being overcrowded and unhealthy due to graves being stacked on each other. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 happened during the Reconstruction due to the economic depression that was happening. The economic depression weakened the Republican Party, but later also helped the Democrats take over the House of Representatives. The effects that the Panic of 1873 had was putting an ending to the Reconstruction era. The cause of the Panic of 1873 was the overbuilding of railroads, but also having failed banks. The Panic happened in Europe and the United states and lasted until 1879. -
Election of 1876
The Reconstruction was put an end due to the election of 1876. The two candidates that ran for president was Rutherford Hayes who ran as a Republican and Samuel Tilden who ran as a Democrat. Tilden won popular vote from the states, but there was a dispute with the electoral votes. The election of 1876 in the United States government took away the last troops of the South, which ended the Reconstruction. Some of Tilden's electoral votes were unaccounted for which made Southern Democrats upset. -
Carpetbaggers
Carpetbaggers were well known as the people who took advantage of the Reconstruction after the Civil War. The term carpetbaggers were people from the northern states that went to the Southern States during the Reconstruction period to make a profit and gain more money. The carpetbaggers was a main priority in the Republican state governments, because they would gain more money in the South but also had the effect of political power. Carpetbaggers also helped former slaves during Reconstruction. -
Immigration
During the American Industrial Revolution, many immigrants came over to the United States during the 19th century. The reasons for the immigrants coming to the United States was for a better economic opportunity, but some immigrants came for freedom of religion. America's Industrialization played a role on the United States urbanization. The urbanization that occurred in the United States were job opportunities, and also the economic growth which influenced immigrants to come to America.
