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30,000 BCE
Bering Land Bridge; 3 waves
This was an ancient bridge made of ice that connected Asia to North America together. There were 3 significant waves, the first wave allowed it to be used a land bridge, the second wave was when many people, about 8,000-10,000 people, migrated on it. The third wave allowed people to settle like the Eskimos and Inuits in these colder lands. Historians and those studying history believe it's fascinating to just know about/ where all these people may have migrated to using the Bering Land Bridge. -
Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginning to Exploration
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2000 BCE
Maya Civilization
The Maya civilization was located in Central America. They were very intelligent because they created their own written language, which is known as Maya glyphs or hieroglyphics, advanced in agriculture, pottery, calender-making, and mathematics. They picked up from the Olmec's calendar system. The civilization also left plenty of evidence of their existence but their anciet societ fell before European arrival due to droughts and failed agricultural practices. -
350 BCE
Mesoamerica; Olmecs
The Olmecs were of the first to create a civilization in Mesoamerica. They had practices like bloodletting, which was cutting up of a person's body to serve their figures that they looked up to. This civilization created a strong foundation in agriculture. The Olmecs are also known for their architectural structures like creating the pyramids, some of which still stand today. Sadly the Olmec civilization came to an end because of Alexander the Great. -
Jan 1, 1095
Crusades; Indulgences
The crusades were Christians from Europe who disliked Muslims so they wanted to take control of Jerusalem. Those who were fighting in the war were given indulgences. Indulgences soon ended after individuals realized that this practice was just a scam by the church in order to gain profit off the community. People began to wonder of all the things the church said and preached. The effect of indulgences created a great influence from the past and those whole were very deticated to the church. -
Jan 1, 1346
The Black Death
The black death was an epidemic that affected Europe greatly killing almost 50 million people. This deadly disease killed almost two-thirds of Europe in just 7 years. Medicine was not advanced at this time so treatments did not help the disease. The treatments were more based on myth rather than scientific advance. Doctors wore masks that had beaks on them which contains spices to prevent from catching the sickness. Still it was uncurable to many for some ime which allowed it to spread. -
1501
Amerigo Vespucci
A man born in Florence was a merchant and navigator who voyaged to the New World. He was part of the Medici family and talked to the French king on behalf of his family to be sponsored their voyages. He had two series during his exploration, one, Lisbon describing the four voyages in detail, second series was private letters and only of two voyages. During the voyage of 1501-1502, Vespucci becomes greatly known as a master navigator under the Portuguese government and America is named after him -
Jan 1, 1512
Mesoamerica; Aztecs
The ancient Aztecs who were famously known for their writing and mathematical skills. They did one of the most surprising performances for religion which was of human sacrificing for their Gods. People in this region followed a strict caste system of nobles, commoners, serfs or slaves. The Aztecs also specialized in trade with others and are located in present-day Mexico, until they were conquered by Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes in 1521. -
Virtual Representation: Salutary Neglect
The British still had control of the colonies during this time but they neglected the settlements in America at times. So often that they would only contact or go to the colonies when in need of something. They Neglected the colonies which allowed them to do almost whatever they wanted especially during times of trading with other nations. Starting in 1607 and ending in 1763 when Europe reached the Seven Years War. Taxes put an emphasis on the end of salutary neglect. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Virginia
Tobacco was becoming one of the larger crops in Virginia, it required acres of land to grow properly. Most importantly, people, farmers were needed to tend the land. Slaves were introduced. When many were colonizing on North America, migraters were looking for opportunities. The Headright System did that when people came over, almost everyone received a 100 acres of land which is known as a headright. The rich people paid for the poor to come over and they worked as indentured servants for them. -
Royal Colonies
The royal colonies were colonies in the new world that had direct connection to the King. The King remained in control of the colonies meaning that they had to follow the laws as if they were in England. Colonies like Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Carolina, New York, New Jersey and Georgia. Even though the distance was months worth of traveling and on an entire ocean, the King remained with authority. There were still other colonies who were not controlled by the Monarchy in England. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. He led the first wave of immigrants from England to settle on the new incoming colony of Massachusetts. At first, the settlement faced some struggles the first few months with diseases, two-hundred people died. The economic spectrum was pretty equal between the rich and the poor. John Winthrop was elected governor three times and the idea of equality helped with the social society status of people wanting to move and live there. -
Quakers
Similar to a form of Christianity or a "Society of Friends" where these people were very friendly when finding refuge away from the Anglican Church. Quakers believed that they have a direct access to God which allowed them to make enemies with the Puritans. They tried to spread their faith in Massachusetts and Maryland, but some were put to death in Massachusetts. Thus inspiring their to create a colony of their own. William Penn led Quakers by chartering the state we now have, Pennsylvania. -
Caribbean Colonies: Sugar
An alternative to growing tobacco or cotton. Sugar was a high commodity during this time, the British used sugar to sweeten their tea and all know that the British love their tea. Sugar increased the need for slaves, in the Caribean colonies it grew most because sugar needed to be grown in a certain temperature and the hot tropical climates are where it grew best. Barbados, at the time, was the richest English colony because of high exports of sugar. -
Navigation Acts
The Americas seemed like their own individual colonies and government which allowed them to think they could do whatever they would like. For example, trade with others and not pay any sorts of taxes. But the reigns were tightened and the Navigation Acts only allowed the colonist in America to trade with England and none of any other countries. This made the colonist upset because now the people had to pay proper tax to ship their goods and their ships that they used had to be Britsh. -
Proprietary Colonies
Citizens in Europe who were closed to the King or favored at the time received amounts of new land to settle on in the New World. Charles the II put to use of proprietaries to expand territories in order to pay off economically and political debt. It started with the first European colony, New Jersey which was settled by the Dutch. Then Charles II adopted more territory, adding New York. New Jersey was given to Charles brother and from there the colonies grew paying off debt in the process. -
Enlightenment; Sir Issac Newton
Sir Issac Newton was a scientist who discovered the source of gravity and what it meant to mathematics. During the time of the Enlightenment, there was a huge spruce of facts and knowledge rather than religion. People mainly in Europe were following science more than religion, being taught that there was gravity, planets, stars and more. All that science could explain but religion could not. A great time of curiosity and Newton was able to provide answers and knowledge. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials was a series in Massachusetts where about 200 people were put on a trial of being a witch or involved in witchcraft. 19 of them were killed by execution. Possible causes were those of boredom with girls in a village because of strict Puritan beliefs which lead the young women to seek entertainment. A second cause was of strong personal belief, the Puritans have blamed witchcraft in the past sp when negative things occurred, it was easy to point a finger towards a witch. -
Slavery; The Middle Passage
Africans were shipped to the New World on the transatlantic slave trade. From Africa to the Americas. Slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. They were compacted onto a ship that took two months to cross the Atlantic ocean. Merchants in America or the Caribbean received enslaved Africans to put to work. The africans were enslaved in plantations in the Americans whether it be for farming or any other forced labor. -
Triangular Trade
Trade in which occurred between England, Africa, and the Americas. An imaginary triangle was formed between these continents, all who traded with one another. Natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies. Manufactured products from England and more supplies such as guns, cloth, and beads. Slaves from West Africa were sent to colonial America. While Textiles, rum and manufactored goods were sent to Africa from England. -
Period: to
Colonial America to 1763
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The Great Awakening: John Edwards
John Edwards was focused on the Enlightenment, he was a minister, philosopher, Congregationalist and loved to revive America. He preached to sinners and how, in the hands of God, they would make him angry and that God would send them to Hell. The cure to not be sent to hell was through repenting and asking for Christ's mercy. So, people began to get focus on the Church and getting their life righteous with God. Some by following John Edwards -
Albany
The Albany Congress was a small organization made up of government officials and intellectuals who were making a plan to focus the colonial government. The idea was proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the Pennsylvania Gazette where the colonies were told to join or die. All thirteen colonies illustrated as part of a snake. Due to the increasing tensions of the 7 years war, the colonies were advised to join alliances with others before they are attacked and have no protection nor help from others. -
George Washington's Role in the Seven Years war
George Washington was a man of bravery skills and wise tactics. He was twenty-two years old when this occured. Although it is claimed that he started the Seven years war when he defeated French and Indian scouts in Pennsylvania to acquire more land. Washington was the first American commander to lead the colonies in fighting the French and Indians under the Albany Plan for Union by Benjamin Franklin. -
Treaty of Paris- 1763
This Treaty ended the French and Indian war which is also known as the Seven Years War. It was a conflict between the two countries of Great Britain and France. Britain was allied with the English colonies of course because the majority came from Britain. Then Indians were allied with the French but were outnumbered and weak in weapon supply compared to the British. So the French surrounded land, Canada, to the British and all the states east of the Mississippi. -
Britain's financial situation
The British wanted to eagerly end the French and Indian war because it put them in enormous amounts of debt. So much debt that Creditors, British and Dutch bankers doubted that the British country will ever pay them back. Almost 133 pounds in costs in order to win this war. British officials focused on goods to trade like sugar and tobacco. Also by raising the taxes on salt, beer and other alcoholic beverages. They placed acts on the Colonist in America which lead to conflicts. -
Militias
Militias were created among the colonist in North America. Many wanted freedom and to become independent from the British. These militias were mostly made up of farmers and whomever was not a loyalist. A small army made up of men who trained themselves with weapons, tactics, and multiple strategies. One group was known as the minutemen because they could become well prepared and shoot within a one minute time frame! -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War!
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Boston Massacre
A massacre that was not filled with death down the streets, but only five of the colonist were killed by the royal guard, which are also known as the red coats. As tension was creeping up between the colonist protesting and the redcoats guarding, the colonist started to throw snowballs filled with stones at the British, violence increased and one of the officers shot and all of A British propaganda was started and independence became a goal for the people in AMerica. -
Boston Tea Party
The Tea Act was an imported tax that was enforced by the British onto the colonist in North America. This tax made many colonists angry, so angry that one night, the Sons of Liberty boarded ships filled with crates of tea along the Boston harbor. Three hundred and fourty-two crates were through into the water. By drunk colonist who dressed up like indians which lead to the Coercive Acts in 1774. The Coercive Act was also known as the Intolerable Acts -
Lexington & Concord
This was the first battle that set off the American Revolution, it occurred when the Minutemen (militia) refused to retreat at Lexington Green which led to shots being fired. Eight Americans were killed and ten were wounded but it is still not known today who fired the first shot that was heard around the world. Redcoats moved on miles away to Concord but were forced to disperse by America reinforcements. 273 British and 95 Americans were killed -
Guerilla Warfare
Strategies that General George Washington used to fight against the British, it consisted of moving quickly, moving in small-scaled groups, sabotage, sneaking up on the enemy, and using hit-and-run tactics. This military tactic was used at the battle of Lexington and Concord. This was not the only strategy that Washington used, it was also attrition, which meant trying his hardest to last the longest in this intensive war. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
An earl of Dunmore who was loyal to the crown suggested and issued a proclamation to settle the colonist from fighting against the British and from wanting independence. This proclamation stated that if slaves fought for the King that they would be offered their freedom. This made slaves motivated for freedom but somehow there were slaves that still supported colonists. Virginians were upset because of this proclamation so more enemies were made towards the crown and it was a push for indepence. -
Common Sense
A small pamphlet that was created by Thomas Paine who was a patriot and wanted just as much freedom and separation from the British Crown as many other colonists did. He established and stated his argument why America should become independent in attempts to persuade others to agree and help fight against the British. This pamphlet is known as one of the most influential papers in history, all because of Thomas Paine's strong opinion/stance on the American revolution. -
The Declaration of Independence
The lead writer of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson but it was also written by Benjamin Franklin and James Madison. This document listed grievances against the British government, for instance, the complaints of taxation without representation. It was also written by some of the elite population and the founding fathers Alexander Hamiliton, John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James MAdison and George Washington -
Battle of Saratoga
This was known as the most important battle of the American Revolution, it is greatly known as the turning in favor of the colonist. The British's goal was to capture New York and divide England from the "US". New England was saved by Benedict Arnold which allowed the British army to surrender. General George Washington was in charge and shortly after the French were inspired to help the colonist which ensured American Independence from Britain. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Constitutional Convention
Since the Articles of Confederation was proven to be weak by Shay's Rebellion and also because the states (colonies) were having too much power than the Federal government which created chaos. The representatives of the colonies knew they needed to change something so 12 of the 13 of the colonies sent representatives to a Constitution Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Many ideas were discussed to better the government and one of those many was the how much power the states would have. -
Shay's Rebellion
A farmer named Daniel Shay, who raised a group of farmers to rebellion against the government in Massachusetts. These farmers had grievances because at first, the colonists had to pay back their debt during the American Revolution. Taxes were enforced on all of the colonists but the government was strict in having the farmers pay off their goods in order to barter. In Massachusetts, the residents there had to pay higher taxes. -
Two Plans
At the Constitutional Convention, there was a discussion of how many representatives should be a part of congresses. The Virginia plan was introduced by Edmund Randolph which states that the states received a certain number of places that people could be representatives of their state in Congress, it just depends on their population. The New Jersey plan, on the other hand, was introduced by William Paterson who said that each state should have one person to be the state's rep. in congress. -
Northwest Ordinance
Land in the Northwest is Divided into five states: Michigan, Illinois, Bomont, Wisconsin, and Indiana. They were considered equal to the thirteen original states. It was written by Nathan Dane and Rufus King who had a plan to adopt states to expand the country of United States to the Pacific.To be admitted as a new state, population of 60,000 was required, each state must have a governor, secretary, and three judges. The last require men was to admend to the Bill of RIghts. -
Connecticut Plan
This is also known as the Connecticut Compromise or The Great Compromise that was proposed by Oliver Ellsworth and Roger Sherman. This compromise settles the debate between the Virginia and New Jersey's Plan on their idea of the legislature in Congress. They introduced and established a two-house legislature. The New Jersey was the North and Virginia represented the south. This compromise was based on the white population and three-fifths of the black population. -
The Three Branches
At the Constitution Convention where twelve of the delegates came out of the thirteen colonies to decide a new form of government. The Constitution formed a three branch system which is also known as Checks and Balances. The Legislative branch made the laws, Congress made up the two houses which was decided by the Great Compromise, it contained the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Executive Branch enforced Laws and the Judicial Interpreted the laws, process of evaluting and making. -
The Election of 1788
This was the first presidential election in the United States History since adopting the Constitution. George Washington had no opposing enemies or other politicians running against him but the person who came second became the Vice President of the United States. At that time, it was John Adams. Washington was elected because of his brave and intelligent leadership during the American Revolution. Being president meant that he was in charge of the executive branch. -
The Great Debate (Federalist V. Anti-Federalist)
This Debate divided the United States believe, not for false reasons but to strengthen the nation. When the Articles of Confederation was known to give power to the states, the anti-federalist supported that, they wanted the states to remain stronger than the government. The anti-federalist were mostly made up of the small people while federalist were made up of the wealthy. Federalist spported the Union to have a strong central government so they supported the ratification of the Consitution. -
Articles of Confederation; problems
The problems with this document were that it was put together in such a short time during the American Revolution and it was present that this government document was not suitable after the war. It was known to be weak, giving too much power to the states. It was the first constitution in United States history. This document was put into action in 1781 and only lasted eight years. An improper balance between the central government and the states. thus the consituition being created. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Hamilton V. Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton was a part of the political party called the Federalist where he supported the wealthy, the constitution, and the National Bank. His rival was Thomas Jefferson who was a leader of the Democratic-Republicans and he supported the people more which included the small farmers and other small businesses. While Hamilton supported trade and manufacturing to support the United States and expand their economy. Jefferson supported what was happening within the Nation starting with ag. -
Bank of the United States
Alexander Hamilton, the known Federalist who supports the wealthy and the constitution. Introduced the Bank of the United States in Philadephia which was an attempt to reimburse the federal funds that the Union had lost during the American Revolution against Britain. While many opposed the National Bank because they accused it saying it was just a way to make a profit and keep the rich, rich. Also that it did not benefit the small people only the state banks and enmity of entrepreneurs. -
Bill of Rights
George Mason strongly believed in human rights. He believed that they should be required and at the Constitutional Convention, they thought otherwise. So George Mason drafted the Bill of Rights, it was James Mason who submitted the document to Congress but only 10 of the 12 were accepted and became the Bill of Rights. A problem solved between the House and Senate, these liberties were meant to prevent unfairness from happening like how it has been done in the past. It was ratified on Dec.15 -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton created by Eli Whitney, a graduate from Yale, which alters the American Industry. To help the South in creating a more money off a profitable crop. The cotton gin removed the seed faster than the average slave. It could do 12 times the work as one individual slave did during the Industrial Revolution. Putting more slaves to work outside and less to work on picking cotton. This helped the industries because more cotton was made to create more textiles along with factorities. -
Whiskey Rebellion
As the new United States government was created involving the Constitution, there was a need to make money from the American Revolution debt so Alexander Hamilton and George Washington created a liquor tax which states that there be a 25 percent tax. Pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers were enraged because this tax took a large profit away from them. George Washington led an army of 6,000 men to attack Pittsburgh and it was the first major domenstic test of the Consitution. -
Jay's Treaty
John Jay's Treaty was a document that was meant to keep a subtle peace between the British and the Union after the American Revolution. The conflict that remained and was not settled was what this Treaty addressed. Stopping impressment of American sailors, the seizing of American ships and the blocking of British trade with tariffs. The solution was promising to remove British troops from America and to terminate the fine that Britain put on America. -
Pinckney's Treaty
A document that was stating an agreement involving Spain and the United States. It was to fix a boundary along the United States establishing where the U.S citizens could travel. It was along the Mississippi river then past that was Spanish territory. To trade without paying taxes at New Orleans. This treaty was negotiated by Thomas Pinckney representing the United States and Manuel de Godoy for Spain. This was a trade agreement. -
Second Great Awakening
Beginning in 1800, but firstly taking the movement in 1820. It was a to reform individuals and change by helping people become better. It emphasized religious romanticism, emotion and supernatural events, rejected secularism and deism. The main morality was taken over by economics and politics. Involving religious figures like Jesus Christ and focusing on the economic trend of society. All to handle the emergence of Revolutionary Ideals. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
A purchase made by Thomas Jefferson that was a smart move but created some controversy because he was a man that followed the Constitution word for word. Buying this land violated his beliefs but Napoleon was willing to sell the land for less than three cents an acre. So much land that it was double the size of the current United States, this land that he wanted to acquire was good farming land and it secured the Mississippi river. -
Hamilton Vs Burr
The heated tension between these two men was uncontrollable, having a history of hatred towards one another and constantly trying to stop each other from getting what they wanted. Aaron Burr was the VP and wanted to run for Governor of New York but Hamilton did not let that happen, so Burr called Hamilton to a duel. In a state where dueling was illegal and both men were politicians, Burr killed Hamilton which ruined Burr's reputation so neither got a happy ending. Federalist lost their main man. -
The Embargo Act of 1807
Made by Thomas Jefferson and passed by United States Congress. It was a law that prohibited U.S.' ships from going into foreign ports. This act was one of the events that led up to the War of 1812 with the British. When they were both neutral with France an Britain who have been at war for the past five years, they seize trading goods with either one of them. Making the following countries angry, Britain and France seized American ships thus this Embargo Act of 1807. -
Fort McHenry
In conclusion of the War of 1812, when America declared war on Britan. The British were known to have a strong army but at Fort McHenry which defended the harbor in Baltimore, the United States defeated the ship war. Francis Scott Key was taken and held as a prisoner of the British army he was a poet and he witnessed the victory of the US. He wrote the Star Bangled Banner while watching the flames bursting in air. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Adams-Onis Treaty
This treaty clarified the acquisition of Florida in becoming a part of the United States. As colonist are eager to expand westward so is the government, since the Spanish had been recovering from Napoleon's French invasion, they were considered weak. With there being a problem along the borders of the US and East Flordia, the Minister Onis and Secretary of State Adams agreed on ceding West Florida to become a part of the US. This is also known as the Transcontinental Treaty. -
Missouri Crisis
When Missouri entered as a slave state which made the ratio between the number of free states and slave states. The Abolitionists in Congress allowed slaves to be emancipated when Missouri became a state and while that was happening, the anti-abolitionists were seizing and stopping Maine from becoming a state. The Missouri Compromise was made to settle this chaos. Making a border that stated everything north of the 36"30' line was free and south allowed slaves. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
This varied over the time of history -
Monroe Doctrine
After the War of 1812, the first doctrine and a formal statement was written by John Quincy Adams but originated its name from being created during president James Monroe. This doctrine tool advantage of the Spanish Empire crumbling, European powers wanted the land that they had but the influenced those new areas and declared that they would have no intervention in Latin America or in the Western Hemisphere as long as the Europe did not bother them. -
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams, son of former president John Adams, John Calhoun, and Secretary of Treasury William H. Crawford. From the James Monroe's Cabinet. Henry Clay from Kentucky and SPeaker of House of Repr. and general Andrew Jackson, the Senator from Tennessee. Adams promises Henry Clay a position if he won the presidential vote. Jackson at the time already won the peoples' popular vote. This was known as the Courrupt Bargiin in which John Quincy Adams Won the election. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Prisons
Systems that were supposed to reform you were called Penitentiaries. They isolated prisoners by keeping them in confinement, hoping they would calm down but that just did more damage to the prisoner. Prisons like Sing Sing, a facility that works during the day but is used as housing at night. Eastern State Penitentiary in Pennsylvania was another prison where they were constantly watched and prisoners were able to think about past actions. -
The Election of 1828
Jacksonians called themselves democratics and Andrew Jackson was not playing in this election. He accused the government of being corrupt because of the last election he was in. This election was known as one of the Nastiest Elections in U.S. History. Jackson used personal attacks because he was targetted for being in a marriage with an already married woman named Rachell. He used modern campaigning with Parades, Banquets, poster and more. He was a very big people pleaser and liked by many. -
Results of the 1828 Election
At the end of the Election, a beloved life was lost, Andrew Jackson's wife had passed away to what Jackson believes was the people who attacked him and his wife for not having her divorce papers finalized. After Jackson clearly won the election, before his inauguration, his wife Rachel got sick and passed. Andrew Jackson threw one of the most craziest parties when celebrating his presidency, very similar to a frat party. -
Spoil system
This was a system used during Andrew Jackson's period of presidency. Getting people to be admitted into office based off of who they knew, like other political members, rather than what they know. Like if they are smart and have a well-rounded knowledge involving politics. This is also known as the patronage system, involving favoritism between the people and the party that was in control. As for this case, it was the democratic during Andrew Jackson's presidency. -
Changes in Transportation
The need to change the way that individuals transported from one place to another was very crucial to the Industrial changes. More products were being created, the industry was booming, needing to transport goods like raw materials and finished products. Thus the change in roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads. Steel was one of the most important products because that made the railroad tracks. Helping trains transport the plentiful amount goods across the United States. -
Mass Production
Mass production is one of the main factors that conspired with the change and development in transportation. There was a huge change that created factories and these factories were able to make quicker thus decreasing the cost of the products. Also, women started to work in factories instead of domestically, in Massachusetts there was the Lowell Mills where they lived and works long hours, small wages. Causing the women to perform strikes to increase their pay. -
Changes in Communication
From posters being hung on walls in a town square to the printing press, and later a telegraph. During the Industrial Revolution, it signified a spark of knowledge with many people. Thus the burst of knowledge and inventions. News and communication between people were able to spread more easily. One inventor, Samuel Morse invented the telegraph to communicate through long distances. This was a science of tramitting electrical signals over wire between two telegraphs. -
Education (1830-1840s)
In efforts to increase the literacy rate of individuals in America. Education was a must and it was the introduction of our education today. Grades were given, textbooks and instructions were read from and attendance was mandatory. Seeming to do good, there was a backlash, higher taxes were enforced to pay for these schools, Catholics wanted different education because they feared protestant education. And labor issues were a problem because they would not be able to get education. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Also known as the Southampton Insurrection, this is a known slave rebellion that occurred during August 1831. Benjamin Turner who had a plantation with slaves on it received many slaves who were enraged and encouraged by John Travis, a preacher who said God wanted him to lead them to rebel. A punishment was made, fifty-six African Americans were killed by execution and many others, about 200, were beaten by angry white mobs and militias/ -
American System
Embracing nationalism, Henry Clay made this system. Wanting to be like Britain in economic stability, there were many internal improvements to improve agricultural markets, tariffs, taxes on imported goods and the national bank was to be recreated into a new one. Henry Clay was known for being one of the most influential members of the Senate, during his golden ages of the 1830's and 1840's.Adopted during the time of Andrew Jackson's Administration. -
Battle of Goliad
This was the second skirmish battle of the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Sparking a valiant victory where the Texians used a strategy of splitting up and attacking the 50 Mexican soldiers that were in the fort of Presidio La Bahia in Goliad. The Texians won and this pursued their courageousness to continue fighting and go on in fighting for Texas Independence. The only injured person that was not Mexican was a freed slave named Samuel McCulloch. -
Battle of San Jacinto
General Sam Houston lead an army to surprise Santa Anna at San Jacinto near the bank. This is a very significant battle because Santa Anna was captured here and was taken into custody and was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco. This made Texas become an independent nation from Mexico, now they were able to file for statehood to the United States. Unfortunately, they were not accepted right away because it brought an inbalance between the slave states and the free. -
Age of the Common Man
This is also known as the Republic of the Common Man. This was the rise of the common men, like Davy Crockett and Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson was known as a people's person and he was not one to mess with, thus giving him the name "Old Hickory". Like a tree that could not be knocked down. These men stood up for the people while Jackson was president changing American politics for the better, for the people. -
Free- Black Communities
During the years of 1750, many of the free blacks, mainly present in the North. Motivated themselves to continue to fight for enslaved blacks, in Philadephia many of the slaved blacks escaped there because it was one of the nearest free cities close to the South. The population grew in the number of blacks and they tried to pass laws over time to emancipate African Americans. These laws were known as abolition laws. -
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Westward Expansion
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Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's Vice President but ran for election after him and won, the following term which was involved in the Election of 1840. He was nominated by Democrats but was at a disadvantage because he was known as "Martin Van Ruin" due to being president during the panic of 1837. He was blamed for the economy but for Jackson's implements while in office. Buren had lost while William Henry Harrison won by a landslide of 234 electoral votes. -
Election of 1844
Texas was reintroduced to come into the Union but there was a presidency to be determined in the United States. John Tyler was a representative of the Whig party while his opponent was James K. Polk and he was a Democrat. James K. Polk was much like Andrew Jackson, he was even called "Young Hickory" and he had goals when coming into office. His 3 main goals were to annex Texas, settle the oregon border and settle the Mexican border. -
Millennialism
This was a religious event that inspired many. The belief that Christ is coming for Judgement day and that he will decide your fate and your future. Some accused that their day was picked alredy. In the SPring of March, 1844 There was a man named WIlliam Miller who said that theyr were all going to die on a certain day but of course he was a fraud and no one died. -
Mormon Migration
A religious group that had their own beliefs. They were victims of harassment, ostracism and they were categorized. Many other people did not like them while treating them as unequals just not as bad as they treated African Americans. Causing the Mormons to migrate so they did, they moved to the midwest to get away from urbanized people and into the rural areas. Bringham Young, a Mormon realized that people will not be able to live with others. Causing them to travel to Salt Lake Valley Utah -
Temperance Movement
This movement was in efforts to restrain from Alcohol because the amount of alcohol consumption was extremely bad. Especially the number of men, they would be drunk all of the time because they drank all day long. Some states like New York and Massachusetts banned the use of alcohol. The lead advocates of this movement were mostly women because they had to consume all of their husband's behavior, often times it involved cases of domestic violence. -
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Sectionalism
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Seneca Falls Convention
As women were increasingly scattered into the workforce of factories and other places instead of being domestic. They were not equal to men and ladies wanted a pay raise, voting rights, and other things. All to be treated as equals, Elizabeth Cady Staton and Lucretia Mott were two women fighting for suffrage. The Seneca Falls Convention was held in New York, where 300 men and women wrote a declaration of sentiments and resolutions to express their grievences. -
The Election of 1848
Shortly after the Mexican- American war the Election of 1848 consisted of Lewis Cass from the Democratic party and Zachary Taylor from the Whig party. Taylor was known for owning slaves so that brought a little hypocrisy, he was also a no party man, a pragmatic general, and his views were mostly unknown, and he campaigned in the South for being pro-slavery. A third party came in which was the Free-soil Party which supported Martin Van Buren. Zachary Taylor wins easily -
Immigration
About one 1/3 of the population in the United States in 1810 were German immigrants that emigrated to the United States in between 1820 and 1870. Many of these immigrants were put to work by burgeoning companies, building railroads and canals. These people were mainly doing the work that no one else really wanted. Most of the Country was built by their hard labor, including other immigrants besides the Germans. The Irish also came to the United States to escape from poverty and the great famine. -
Oregon Trail
The trail to Oregon was very extraneous, moving from the Atlantic to the Pacific on two thousand miles long trail from St. Louis to the Pacific coast. This journey usually took about five to six months on foot. Many white people known as American pioneers migrated to these new lands that were acquired from Britain and through the passing of the Orgeon Donation Land Act in 1850. Being a part of Manifest Destiny and the travel westward created eagerness in many people. -
The Underground Railroad
After the Fugitive Slave Act was enforced, it became harder for slaves to escape the South and remain free. So abolitionists the people who were against slavery, black and white, one of them being the most influential individuals was Harriet Tubman. She led more than 5,000 slaves to the North on their journey to Freedom. The underground railroad was not something underground, they had safe houses along the way that protected slaves as they traveled North. -
Personal Liberty Laws
nine of the Northern states prohibited the returning of slaves. These laws were in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. This patarinized the country more about who has more power where slaves should be or if they could ever be free. Neutral Northerners were forced to pick sides during this time. The free slave communities were greatly affected, Southern politics were mingled into Northern Life and this is when Uncle Tom's Cabin was created. Uncle Tom's Cabin was boasting about how good slavery is -
Compromise of 1850
There were five separate bills passed by New President Millard Filmore because Zachary Taylor had passed away. It was California became a free state, New Mexico and Utah were able to decide on whether or not be a slavery state. Texas requlishes dispute along western lands, and slave trade was banned in Washington D.C. But what made them many the maddest was the Fugitive Slave Act- where slave owners were able to capture runaway slaves and bring them back to the South. -
California Gold Rush
As colonist moved west, they reached California and Gold was easy to find. So many more people migrated to the lands westward, especially California. This soon transferred into mining and eventually big corporate industries supported migration and this was the rise of popular prostitution. The Chinese migrated to these areas and were mostly involved in mining, they were easily paid cheap labor. Slowly population grew and California was able to qualify for statehood in the Union. -
Shakers
During the changing 19th century, there was a group called the Shakers. They were celibates meaning that they did not have sexual intercourse with anyone. This group's beliefs were different and like no other, they believed in communistic ways of life, rejecting domesticity, no marriage or procreation and no private property. Unfortunately, since this group did not believe in pre-creation and many others had their own beliefs. It was hard for their society to stay for generations. -
Extreme Polarization
As Democrats grew weak in the North, and the Whig Party disintegrated. It was reformed and created to be the Republican out of the gone Whigs in 1854. Free Soilers were made up of people who moved to land for free farming land, they took advantage of the South but were Northerners. The Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats united. Polarization, in this case, is where individuals stood out more based on their issues, policies, and identify with their party by categorizing them. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A law passed by Congress on the 30th on May in 1854, which allowed the following territories in Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether they wanted to be a slave state or not. This was the change and depletion of the Missouri Compromise and the 36'30" line which stated that everything to the North of this line was free and everything South allowed Africans to be enslaved. Making many angry between anti-slavery and pro-slavery people, it got chaotic and violent, deciding Kansas as a slave state -
Dred Scott VS. Sandford
A man who was a slave to an army surgeon, Dr. Emerson, who traveled a lot. Mr. Scott sued his master who took him on journeys into the North which was considered free territories. The Supreme Court took this case and ruled that Dred Scott should not be granted his freedom. They also calrified that slaves are not citizens so they can not sue in court, and Congress can not regulate slavery in Northern territories. -
Nativism
The root of the word tells you that it involves Natives, this was also where stereotypes came from. There were nativists that blame immigrants for problems because they migrated here. The main people who were nativists were German and Irish Catholics because they had anti-Irish views that were looked at towards them. The Know Nothings also spruced from this unfriendliness and were mainly known as the American Party but disappeared by 1860. They wanted to Americanize America,Nativism was analyzed -
North
The Civil War put the North to many advantages as well as disadvantages when doing against the South. The North was known as the Union, the advantages that the North had were population boosts compared to the Soth, that meant that they were able to draft many into their army. The industrialization put them over the top, not running out of money, weapons, clothing, and shoes. They also had fast transportation, specifically on railroads (30,000 miles of it). All this to uphold the Constitution. -
South
During the Civil War, the South called themselves the Confederate States after succeeding from the United States (AKA the Union). The South in comparison to the North, they had many disadvantages like a lack of population, industrialization in their economy and updated weapons, no money, they did not have a navy, and railroads were not to their advantage. Although through the battles, they hoped to gain Britain as an ally but were denied but they had excellent Military leaders. -
Neutral states
The following states were neutral and did not pick sides in the Civil War, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. They were also known as the Border States because they were in between both of the enemies. The Union and the Confederate tried to gain influence as much as they could. The South already had 80% of their production gorwing there so they served purpose to the Confederate. The border states were also allowed to keep their slaves to the Union and served access to the Midwest river. -
International Affairs
The North took multiple actions to damage the Confederate states and make them weak. The Cotton Embargo was first put in place which set up a blockade of sells that the South could do and that hurt the French and British industry. Then there was the Trent Affair, where the Confederacy sent representatives as diplomats to the British where Britain demanded an apology, but the USS intercepts and RMS Trent. That is when Lincoln secures British and French neutrality. -
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The Civil War
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The Gettysburg Address
One of the bloodiest battles in History was the Gettysburg battle in Pennsylvania and this was the most important battle in the Civil War. 9,000 men from the Union and 7,500 were fighting for the Confederacy. This was a turning point and a battle of encouragement for the Union. Shortly after, at the battle, the Gettysburg Address was given by Abraham Lincoln and is known as his most famous speech. "Four score and seven years ago...", while describing the liberties of the nation to uphold -
Freedom Amendments
After the Confederate states rejoined the Union, people and officials in the Southern states tried to play dirty and get around slaves being free. The freedom amendments allowed freed slaves, now known as freedmen, to get past their loops. The 13th amendment allowed slaves to become freedmen, this amendment abolished slavery. The 14th amendment protected African Americans to the extent where they received equal protection. The 15th was black male suffrage. -
Black Codes
The Black Codes were emplaced by the South to discriminate against blacks who were now considered free. To keep white supremacy intact in the Southern states, the Black Codes deprived the African Americans of their civil rights and their economic opportunities. These laws also made blacks exploited to the workforce, interpreting apprenticeship for males younger than 25 years old. Outlawing interracial marriage and their ability to serve n juries. -
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Reconstruction
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Assassination of Lincoln
After the Civil War was over and the Union declared victory, Abraham Lincoln attended a play at Ford's Theather. While watching a play called "Our American Cousin" which was a comedy that was that imitated how the British think Americans are. John Wilkes Booth, an actress from the play and pro-slavery advocate shot Lincoln in the back of the head. Booth was found and killed but Lincoln died the day after being shot. Lincoln was placed in a tomb and embalmed. -
Andrew Johnson Administration
Andrew Johnson who was the Vice President of Abraham Lincoln became President after Lincoln was assassinated. Johnson was a very racist man and did not care that he was. He enforced racist farmers to take an oath to promote lenient readmission policy that also opposed secession. So Johnson allowed them to have their land back as long as they pledged the oath. During this time, the 13th amendment was ratified and he pardoned high-ranking Confederate officials. Impeachment was a popular topic. -
Election of 1868
Former Union general, Ulysses S Grant representing the Republican side and his opposer was Horatio Seymour representing the Democratic party. This was an election that showed how badly white in the North and South were racist. The black vote became very important because the 15th amendment had just been ratified. The blacks were for the Republican party but violence and intimidation increased because people wanted white supremacy to remain on top and blacks on the bottom of the social hierarchy
